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For the well surveys, staff of the Andhra
Pradesh Groundwater Department (APGWD)
with the help of villagers visited all the wells in the
village area and collected data that included: type
of well, use of well, dimensions of well, year of
construction, area irrigated, pump capacity and
discharge of well, reliability of well, latitude and
longitude and survey number. Water samples
were collected from each well and sent to the
CSWCRTI or APGWD laboratories in Kurnool
in the cases of Kalyandurg and Dhone respectively.
Follow-up water sampling and fluoride analysis
were carried out in four villages in Kalyandurg
by staff involved in the WHiRL Project.
In the main, cropping statistics were collected
from the Mandal Revenue officer. Details of land
holdings were collected from the National
Informatics Centre. Rainfall data were collected
from the Andhra Pradesh Groundwater
Department and Chief Planning Officers in
Kurnool and Anantapur.
2.4 Analysis of
remotely-sensed data
Cloud-free satellite data of February-March
2001 of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS)-
1C/1D (PAN and LISS-III) were used as the main
source of remotely-sensed data. Once analysed,
these data were reconciled with the relevant
terrestrial spatial data. Final mapping was done on
1:50,000 scale. Cadastral maps at the 1:8,000
scale were digitised and mosaics of these were
created to extract the village, cadastral and
mandal maps. Well locations, drainages patterns,
check dams, gullies and embankments were also
digitised from cadastral maps which had been
annotated by the field teams. Watersheds, subwatersheds,
mini-watersheds and microwatersheds
were delineated and digitised using
the Survey of India topographical maps.
The land use/land cover themes were prepared
using the following data analysis procedures.
Onscreen interpretation (based on tone/colour,
texture, pattern, shape, size, location, shadow,
association) of satellite image and its digitisation
was performed using Erdas Imagine Software.
Before interpretation and analysis of the satellite
imagery, the satellite image was rectified and
resampled using a 1 st order polynomial
transformation model and a bilinear interpolation
algorithm respectively. To perform the same, the
ground control points were taken from
topographical maps and used with relevant GPS
data sets to achieve sub-meter RMS accuracy. For
better interpretation, high resolution capability of
PAN data and multi-spectral advantage of LISS-
III data were fused using Brovey Transformation
Model and Bilinear Interpolation resampling
algorithm to generate the merged image.
This merged image was used for interpretation/
analysis. The steps taken are presented
schematically in Figure 4.
Village meeting in Battuvani palli, Kalyandurg
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