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Physical characteristics of 3of study mandals 3.1 General information Table 2 provides general facts and figures relating to the two study mandals General information Dhone Kalyandurg Longitude 77 0 39’ - 78 0 02’ E 77 0 05’ - 77 0 22’ E Latitude 15 0 15’ - 15 0 29’ N 14 0 18’ - 14 0 26’ N Altitude (m) 360 - 650 460 - 780 Average annual rainfall (mm) 560 525 Mandal area (km 2 ) 487 488 No. of revenue villages 16 15 No. of hamlets 31 36 Population (2001 Census) 102,018 81,105 No. of males/females 51850/50168 41278/39827 No. of literate males/females 31916/19467 24589/16059 Child population (0-6 years) 14085 10604 District decadal pop. growth (%) 18.1 14.3 Table 2. Summary statistics 27
500 Deviation from mean ann. rainfall (mm) 400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -500 1901-02 1919-20 1937-38 1955-56 1973-74 1991-92 1910-11 1928-29 1946-47 1964-65 1982-83 2000-01 Figure 5. Anantapur deviation in annual rainfall from the long-term mean 3.2 Agro-climate The climate prevailing in the two mandals is semi-arid to arid. Rainfed agricultural production in south-western Andhra Pradesh is far from easy as monsoon rains are often unevenly distributed and droughts are common. In fact, Anantapur has been listed as the second most drought-prone area in India in terms of rainfall (Hill, 2001). Although Kurnool has generally higher rainfall than Anantapur, Dhone ranks as the driest mandal in Kurnool district. Far from the eastcoast, this part of Andhra Pradesh does not receive the full benefits of the north-east monsoon (October to December); and being cut off by the Western Ghats, the south-west monsoon (June to September) is also prevented from fully reaching the district. The south-west monsoon and north-east monsoon rainfall contribute about 57% and 27% of the total rainfall for the year, respectively (Hill, 2001). In climatic terms, the area does not have distinct kharif and rabi seasons as, rainfall permitting, cropping takes place continuously throughout these periods (except on deep black soils). Using data from Anantapur 2 , Figure 5 shows that there is considerable variation in annual rainfall around the average value. In some years during the period 1901-2001, rainfall was as much as 475 mm higher than the average and in others it was more than 400 mm below the average. Extreme inter- and intra-annual rainfall variability is also an important characteristic of the agro-climate of the study mandals. A major challenge facing farmers in this area is the adoption of farming systems that both cope with periods of low rainfall, bearing in mind the fact that meteorological drought is a natural and recurring phenomenon, and capitalise on years of above-average rainfall. The general perception is that in every ten year period, there will be five droughts of different intensities. Two of these droughts will be moderate, two will be severe and one will be catastrophic. Although a widely-held view is that annual average rainfall has been declining in dry areas of south-western Andhra Pradesh, statistical analysis of 100 years data from 13 stations in Anantapur, revealed that, if anything, average annual rainfall has been increasing, albeit by around 25 mm, throughout the district since the mid-1970s (Hill, 2001). The only station to show a decline during recent years is Kalyandurg (Hill, 2001). Comparison of two periods (1901-51 and 1951-2001) revealed a slight decreasing trend in variability over the whole Anantapur District, with seven of the thirteen stations witnessing decreasing variability. However, decadal analysis indicated that during the most recent decades of 1991-2001 and 1981-91, nine and eleven stations, respectively, faced increasing variability (Hill, 2001). 2 Long-term rainfall data records for Dhone and Kalyandurg are not in good order. In particular, the IMD Kalyandurg rainfall records for the period 1901-1950 are clearly for another station. 28
Page 1 and 2: ANDHRA PRADESH RURAL LIVELIHOODS PR
Page 3 and 4: Contact details of editors: Dr M S
Page 5 and 6: Contents Executive summary 6 1 Intr
Page 7 and 8: Executive summary Background The An
Page 9 and 10: intercropping that is popular in ma
Page 11 and 12: with extreme caution when assessing
Page 13 and 14: Raising awareness at all levels of
Page 15 and 16: 1Introduction 1.1 Objectives of APR
Page 17 and 18: Dry season paddy cultivation in Dho
Page 19 and 20: Box 1. Why carry out a water audit?
Page 21 and 22: In Kalyandurg, the gully survey tea
Page 23 and 24: Data Base Satellite data Collateral
Page 25 and 26: 2.6 Economic data collection and an
Page 27: The impact of intensive water harve
Page 31 and 32: Figure 9. Geology of Kalyandurg man
Page 33 and 34: Krishna river during October 2001 3
Page 35 and 36: Figure 12. Dhone’s water harvesti
Page 37 and 38: Irrigated area (ha) Figure 14. Main
Page 39 and 40: 3.10 Vegetation The region was endo
Page 41 and 42: General resource status 4of Dhone a
Page 43 and 44: Figure 20. Well construction timeli
Page 45 and 46: Domestic water use Net groundwater
Page 47 and 48: Figure 25. Groundwater level data f
Page 49 and 50: Groundwater quality The current WHO
Page 51 and 52: Figure 28. Comparison of annual rai
Page 53 and 54: Table 10. Physiographic features of
Page 55 and 56: Figure 31 presents information on G
Page 57 and 58: ural water supply programmes) to be
Page 59 and 60: · Adequacy of supply: Adequate sup
Page 61 and 62: Box 11: Criteria for Identification
Page 63 and 64: Caste Restrictions in Kocheruvu A l
Page 65 and 66: 180 160 140 120 No. of SHGs 100 80
Page 67 and 68: Box 14. Some villagers’ views on
Page 69 and 70: Figure 44. Villagewise participatio
Page 71 and 72: Box 16. Mechanisms that link povert
Page 73 and 74: 6Constraints and risks 6.1 Water-re
Page 75 and 76: Box 17. Water-related myths Water-r
Page 77 and 78: Water resource planning 7and option
Page 79 and 80:
7.2 Adaptive water resource managem
Page 81 and 82:
8Recommendations 8.1 Summary of mai
Page 83 and 84:
Table 14. Rainfed non-arable option
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 48. Soil and water conservat
Page 87 and 88:
Table 15. Irrigated land options Op
Page 89 and 90:
Table 17. Management of surface wat
Page 91 and 92:
Table 19. Protection of domestic wa
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 51. Example of decision tree
Page 95 and 96:
The example decision tree presented
Page 97 and 98:
It is fundamentally important that
Page 99 and 100:
Proposed follow up 9activities Disc
Page 101 and 102:
References Anon. 2001. A Fine Balan
Page 103 and 104:
Gradonis: Bench terraces of small w
Page 107:
Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihoods Pr
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