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Figure 46. Relative profitability of rainfed crops (brown bars) and irrigated crops (green bars), Dhone 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Setaria Sorghum Bajra Castor Groundnut Sunflower Net returns (thousands Rs /ha Redgram Cotton Bengalgram Brinjal Tomato Cotton Paddy Chilli Onion 5.7 Profitability of irrigated cropping Profits per hectare from irrigated agriculture are, on average, twice those from rainfed farming. The lowest profit from an irrigated crop is often higher than the highest profit from a rainfed crop. Using data from Dhone, Figure 46 compares the profitability of rainfed and irrigated crops. Cultivation of some crops, however, is not `economic’, and farmers continue to cultivate largely because they do not have to buy the inputs they require. Compared to areas under rainfed cropping, a relatively small proportion of the cultivable area of each mandal is irrigated. Although the large kharif areas under rainfed groundnut are justified by the high relative profits, areas under other crops do not generally correlate with the net returns per hectare. Crops with high returns (e.g., mulberry, onions, vegetables) are grown on comparatively smaller areas because of local factors such as access to market, high cultivation costs, production risks and lack of local storage and processing facilities. Food crops (e.g., jowar), on the other hand, are grown on larger areas than warranted by their relative profit because they provide other benefits (e.g. food security). Water is not such a big constraint on nonagricultural activities such as brick-making, making pottery and operating tea stalls/kiosks. However, ready access to small volumes of water at times when it is needed is still critical to the success of such enterprises. More information on the economics of different water use options can be found in James (2000b). Contour trenching 71
6Constraints and risks 6.1 Water-related constraints Constraints that limit the number of resource-focused options that can and should be promoted by the APRLP and similar projects include (not in order of importance): · Climate: The climate of the study areas is semi-arid and, consequently, rainfall is extremely variable in time and space. Hence, groundwater recharge and runoff into tanks is also extremely variable, as is the productivity of rainfed arable and non-arable lands. · Extreme events: Meteorological drought and floods are recurring natural phenomena that have a relatively greater impact on the poor and vulnerable. · Aquifer characteristics: Hardrock aquifers are prevalent in the study areas. These aquifersstore only limited quantities of water in shallow weathered and deeper fractured layers. · Water resource availability: In many areas, current usage of water resources approximates and even exceeds annual replenishment. In the absence of inter-basin transfers, the scope for augmenting water resources by developing additional ground and surface water resources is limited. 72
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ANDHRA PRADESH RURAL LIVELIHOODS PR
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Contact details of editors: Dr M S
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Contents Executive summary 6 1 Intr
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Executive summary Background The An
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intercropping that is popular in ma
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with extreme caution when assessing
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Raising awareness at all levels of
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1Introduction 1.1 Objectives of APR
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Dry season paddy cultivation in Dho
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Box 1. Why carry out a water audit?
Page 21 and 22: In Kalyandurg, the gully survey tea
Page 23 and 24: Data Base Satellite data Collateral
Page 25 and 26: 2.6 Economic data collection and an
Page 27 and 28: The impact of intensive water harve
Page 29 and 30: 500 Deviation from mean ann. rainfa
Page 31 and 32: Figure 9. Geology of Kalyandurg man
Page 33 and 34: Krishna river during October 2001 3
Page 35 and 36: Figure 12. Dhone’s water harvesti
Page 37 and 38: Irrigated area (ha) Figure 14. Main
Page 39 and 40: 3.10 Vegetation The region was endo
Page 41 and 42: General resource status 4of Dhone a
Page 43 and 44: Figure 20. Well construction timeli
Page 45 and 46: Domestic water use Net groundwater
Page 47 and 48: Figure 25. Groundwater level data f
Page 49 and 50: Groundwater quality The current WHO
Page 51 and 52: Figure 28. Comparison of annual rai
Page 53 and 54: Table 10. Physiographic features of
Page 55 and 56: Figure 31 presents information on G
Page 57 and 58: ural water supply programmes) to be
Page 59 and 60: · Adequacy of supply: Adequate sup
Page 61 and 62: Box 11: Criteria for Identification
Page 63 and 64: Caste Restrictions in Kocheruvu A l
Page 65 and 66: 180 160 140 120 No. of SHGs 100 80
Page 67 and 68: Box 14. Some villagers’ views on
Page 69 and 70: Figure 44. Villagewise participatio
Page 71: Box 16. Mechanisms that link povert
Page 75 and 76: Box 17. Water-related myths Water-r
Page 77 and 78: Water resource planning 7and option
Page 79 and 80: 7.2 Adaptive water resource managem
Page 81 and 82: 8Recommendations 8.1 Summary of mai
Page 83 and 84: Table 14. Rainfed non-arable option
Page 85 and 86: Figure 48. Soil and water conservat
Page 87 and 88: Table 15. Irrigated land options Op
Page 89 and 90: Table 17. Management of surface wat
Page 91 and 92: Table 19. Protection of domestic wa
Page 93 and 94: Figure 51. Example of decision tree
Page 95 and 96: The example decision tree presented
Page 97 and 98: It is fundamentally important that
Page 99 and 100: Proposed follow up 9activities Disc
Page 101 and 102: References Anon. 2001. A Fine Balan
Page 103 and 104: Gradonis: Bench terraces of small w
Page 107: Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihoods Pr
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