Middle East DVEP - Armed Forces Pest Management Board

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VENOMOUS ANIMALSThere are 31 species of venomous terrestrial snakes regionally distributed in diverse habitats. Inaddition, 12 species of venomous sea snakes inhabit the waters of the Arabian Sea, Gulf ofOman, and Persian Gulf. Military personnel should be thoroughly briefed on the risk andprevention of snakebite, as well as the steps to take immediately after snakebite. The <strong>Middle</strong><strong>East</strong> is also inhabited by some of the world’s most venomous scorpions. However, scorpionstings rarely require hospitalization. Troops should be warned not to tease or play with snakesand scorpions.* A properly worn Battle Dress Uniform (BDU) impregnated with permethrin, combinedwith the use of extended duration DEET on exposed skin, has been demonstrated toprovide nearly 100% protection against most blood-sucking arthropods. This dual use ofhighly effective repellents on the skin and clothing is termed the “DoD insect repellentsystem.” It is the most important single method for protecting individuals againstarthropod-borne diseases. Permethrin can also be applied to bednets, tents and screens toprevent disease transmission by insects. The proper use of repellents is discussed in TIM36, Personal Protective Techniques against Insects and Other Arthropods of MilitarySignificance.9
VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES IN THE MIDDLE EAST (+ = present; ? = Uncertain)Bahrain Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Syria Turkey UAE YemenArabiamalaria + + + + + + + +sand fly fever + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +dengue ?epidemic typhus ? ?louse-borne? + + + + ? + ? ? + + ?relapsing fevertick-borne+ + + + ? + ? ? + ? +relapsing feverCCHF + + + + + + + + + + + + + +boutonneuse? ? + + + ? ? + + ? ?fevertick-borne+encephalitisQ fever + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +murine typhus ? + + + + + + + ? + + + +plague + + + + + + +West Nile virus + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Sindbis virus + + + + + + + + + + + + + +cutaneous+ + + + + + + ? ? + + + ? +leishmaniasisvisceral+ + + + ? + + + + + + + + +leishmaniasisschistosomiasis + + + + + + + + + +onchocerciasis ? + +Bancroftian+ + + +filariasisLyme disease + +leptospirosis + + + + + + + + ? + + + ? +hantavirus +10
Page 4 and 5: 1. Table of ContentsI. Preface.....
Page 6 and 7: IX.Selected ReferencesA. Military P
Page 8 and 9: and spills have polluted sea- and l
Page 10 and 11: Sand fly fever is the most widespre
Page 14: Middle East11
Page 47 and 48: leptospires, various bacteria and i
Page 49 and 50: Bandar Abbas (elevation 10 m)Mean D
Page 51 and 52: a wide variety of human pathogens.
Page 53 and 54: The Jordan Valley area is part of t
Page 55 and 56: still numerous sites where waste di
Page 57 and 58: highlands (445 m elevation) are sim
Page 59 and 60: ocky central plateau, the Nejd, whi
Page 61 and 62: MONTH J F M A M J J A S O N DMaximu
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known as the Liwa, form an arc alon
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___________________________________
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Table 1. Drug-Resistant Falciparum
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Saudi Arabia: Malaria occurs in the
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General Bionomics. Female anophelin
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host with the body nearly perpendic
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crevices, leaf litter, or moist tre
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All dengue serotypes are now endemi
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period immediately following it (19
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Military Impact and Historical Pers
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on camels, pigs, dogs, donkeys, hum
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CCHF virus loses infectivity shortl
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that usually is associated with cat
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and sheep, although immature stages
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Haemaphysalis punctata is also wide
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The risk of transmission is seasona
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from bites of infected fleas in sou
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and then only while they are on the
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Culex pipiens pipiens occurs throug
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human morbidity in areas of norther
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mortality in calves and lambs and a
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109
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111
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human and animal structures. Abando
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hospitalized 2,088 patients with sc
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Oman: Recognized foci of intestinal
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Female worms can deposit from 300 t
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Cercariae are killed by exposure fo
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123
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personnel moving into an endemic ar
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The biology of the Cx. pipiens comp
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Depending on the stage of developme
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higher in the Balkans. Convalescenc
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Scabies mites are very small, about
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exude serum, itch for several days,
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Eastern countries, including Cyprus
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also become attached to the cocoon
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sites of attack, and a favorite sit
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In the Middle East, the family Elap
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Table 2a. continuedBahrain Cyprus I
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Table 3. Plants That Cause Contact
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IX. Selected References.A. Military
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Bruce-Chwatt, L. J. 1985. In Essent
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Jacobson, R.L., Y. Schlein and E.R.
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Oldfield, E.C. III, M.R. Wallace, K
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Appendix A. Arthropod Species and t
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A.1. Mosquitoes continuedBahrain Cy
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A.2. Reported Distribution of Sand
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A.2. Sand flies continuedBahrain Cy
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A.3. Ticks continuedIXODIDAEBahrain
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A.3. Ticks continuedBahrain Cyprus
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A.4. Fleas continuedBahrain Cyprus
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A.4. Fleas continuedHYSTRICHOPSYLLI
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Page 178 and 179:
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A.5. Reported Distribution of Scorp
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A.5. Scorpions continuedBahrain Cyp
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Appendix B. Vector Ecology Profiles
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Appendix B.2. Vector Ecology Profil
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B.2. Ticks continuedSpecies Geograp
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In recent years, synthetic pyrethro
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Published Reports of Insecticide Re
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Turkey.Calgar, S.S. 1991. An invest
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Appendix ESelected List of Identifi
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MammaliaHarrison, D.L. and P.J.J. B
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Appendix F: Personal Protective Mea
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Appendix GBioscience and State Depa
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8. Kuwait9. Lebanon10. Oman11. Qata
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Appendix H: Glossaryacaricide - a c
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zoonosis - An infectious disease of
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flies.11. Information on ticks and
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APPENDIX J METRIC CONVERSION TABLEM
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Middle East DVEP - Armed Forces Pest Management Board

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