Middle East DVEP - Armed Forces Pest Management Board

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good in most of the island, with only a few rural locations having inadequate services.Currently, there are no significant disease vector or public health pest threats on the island.Rodents and insects lack suitable breeding habitats, so they pose little if any disease threatto humans.C. Iran.a. Geography. Iran is slightly larger than Alaska, with a total land area of 1,648,000sq km. Most of the country lies above 458 m, and one-sixth of it rises more than 1,981 m.Three distinct physiographic areas exist: (1) The principal mountain ranges include theZagros Mountains in the west and south, and the Elburz Mountains in the north. Most ofthese mountains are higher than 2,440 m. Some peaks are higher than 4,268 m in theZagros and 5,486 m in the Elburz, including Qolleh-ye Damavand at 5,671 m. (2) Mostof the rest of the country consists of a plateau that contains several closed basins and twosalt deserts, the Dasht-e Kavir and the Dasht-e Lut. Much of the plateau has interiordrainage and is characterized by many intermittent streams, intermittent salt lakes, and wetsalt flats. (3) Smaller lowland plains are located along the Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, andGulf of Oman. Iran also controls about a dozen islands in the Persian Gulf.b. Climate. Iran has a combination of arid and semi-arid climates. Temperatureextremes vary greatly from summer to winter. Summer (June to August) is intensely hot,except in the high mountains. Temperatures in Tehran may reach a daily high of 46 o C andan evening low of 11 o C. In the low coastal area surrounding Bandar Abbas, the high andlow are 44 o C and 24 o C. Winter (December to February) temperatures in Tehransometimes reach a daily high of 21 o C and an extreme evening low of –13 o C. In BandarAbbas, the summer highs and lows are 32 o C and 2 o C. Only the Caspian coastal zone andsome high mountain regions receive appreciable annual precipitation. Snow remains onthe highest summits most of the year. Winter is normally the rainy season for the countryoverall. The Caspian coast, the most humid area of Iran, receives the greatest annualprecipitation, varying from 800 to 2,000 mm, with the majority falling between latesummer and mid winter. Dust and sandstorms frequently occur in desert regions, severelyreducing visibility.________________________________________________________________________Tehran (elevation 1,220 m)Mean Daily Temperatures ( o C)MONTH J F M A M J J A S O N DMaximum 5 8 15 22 27 34 37 35 31 24 16 9Minimum -2 1 6 12 17 22 26 24 21 14 6 1Monthly PrecipitationMean (mm) 46 38 46 36 13 3 3 3 3 8 18 18__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________45
Bandar Abbas (elevation 10 m)Mean Daily Temperatures ( o C)MONTH J F M A M J J A S O N DMaximum 21 23 27 31 34 37 37 36 36 33 29 24Minimum 14 17 21 24 29 31 32 32 30 27 22 18Monthly PrecipitationMean (mm) 74 46 20 10 0 0 0 0 0 3 41 81______________________________________________________________________________________c. Population and Culture. Iran’s rapidly expanding population (partly due to aninflux of Kurdish refugees from Iraq and Afghan refugees) has increased countrywidedemand for basic services, such as water and sewage disposal. Reportedly, about 4 millionrefugees reside in Iran. Urban centers cannot keep pace with the demand as migrationfrom rural areas continues to increase. About three-fourths of Iran’s population lives onone-fourth of the land, located primarily in the Caspian coastal region. Tehran has apopulation of 10 million, which is 51% Iranian, 29% Azeri, 8% Gilari and Mazaridarani,3% Lur, 3% Arab, 2% Baloch, 2% Turkmen and 2% other origins. Total population 69million; 58% urbanized; literacy rate 72%.d. Water, Living and Sanitary Conditions. Iran has numerous commonlyencountered sanitation problems. Sewage disposal and treatment are far below Westernstandards. Collection and transportation of trash in most cities is done in an unsanitary,careless manner. Inferior food production, preparation, storage, and distribution practicesare common throughout Iran. Waste disposal is inadequate, and contamination of publicdrinking water by raw sewage is common. The water distribution systems in most citieshave low pressure, leaky old pipes, and are probably seldom treated well enough to kill themultitude of pathogens and contaminants they contain. Officials have estimated that morethan 16% of the water passing through Tehran’s distribution system is wasted due toleakage. Ample waste, garbage, and standing water provide excellent breeding sites forfilth flies, rodents, and mosquitoes, as well as many vector-borne human pathogens ofmilitary significance such as salmonellae, leptospires and schistosomes.D. Iraq.a. Geography. Iraq has a land area of 437,854 sq km, slightly more than twice thesize of Idaho. It consists of broad desert plains, hills and mountains. Two major rivers,the Euphrates and Tigris, flow southeast across the country into the Shatt al Arab(elevation 2.5 m above sea level), which discharges into the Persian Gulf. Most of thepopulation is concentrated along these rivers. Iraq can be divided into five physiographicareas: (1) The Zagros Mountains area is broad, rough and stony, extending along theborders of Iran and Turkey. Numerous peaks exceed 3,281 m. (2) The Foothills area ishilly and intersected by deep valleys containing mountain streams. Elevation varies from215 to 1,143 m above sea level. (3) The Al-Jazira area (Arabic Island) is a plain withsome hills and low mountains; elevation is about 160 to 1,570 m above sea level.46
Page 4 and 5: 1. Table of ContentsI. Preface.....
Page 6 and 7: IX.Selected ReferencesA. Military P
Page 8 and 9: and spills have polluted sea- and l
Page 10 and 11: Sand fly fever is the most widespre
Page 12 and 13: VENOMOUS ANIMALSThere are 31 specie
Page 14: Middle East11
Page 47: leptospires, various bacteria and i
Page 51 and 52: a wide variety of human pathogens.
Page 53 and 54: The Jordan Valley area is part of t
Page 55 and 56: still numerous sites where waste di
Page 57 and 58: highlands (445 m elevation) are sim
Page 59 and 60: ocky central plateau, the Nejd, whi
Page 61 and 62: MONTH J F M A M J J A S O N DMaximu
Page 63 and 64: known as the Liwa, form an arc alon
Page 65 and 66: ___________________________________
Page 67 and 68: Table 1. Drug-Resistant Falciparum
Page 70 and 71: Saudi Arabia: Malaria occurs in the
Page 73 and 74: General Bionomics. Female anophelin
Page 75: host with the body nearly perpendic
Page 78 and 79: crevices, leaf litter, or moist tre
Page 80 and 81: All dengue serotypes are now endemi
Page 82 and 83: period immediately following it (19
Page 84: Military Impact and Historical Pers
Page 87 and 88: on camels, pigs, dogs, donkeys, hum
Page 89 and 90: CCHF virus loses infectivity shortl
Page 91 and 92: that usually is associated with cat
Page 93 and 94: and sheep, although immature stages
Page 95 and 96: Haemaphysalis punctata is also wide
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The risk of transmission is seasona
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from bites of infected fleas in sou
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and then only while they are on the
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Culex pipiens pipiens occurs throug
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human morbidity in areas of norther
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mortality in calves and lambs and a
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109
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111
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human and animal structures. Abando
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hospitalized 2,088 patients with sc
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Oman: Recognized foci of intestinal
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Female worms can deposit from 300 t
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Cercariae are killed by exposure fo
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123
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personnel moving into an endemic ar
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The biology of the Cx. pipiens comp
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Depending on the stage of developme
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higher in the Balkans. Convalescenc
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Scabies mites are very small, about
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exude serum, itch for several days,
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Eastern countries, including Cyprus
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also become attached to the cocoon
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sites of attack, and a favorite sit
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In the Middle East, the family Elap
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Table 2a. continuedBahrain Cyprus I
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Table 3. Plants That Cause Contact
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IX. Selected References.A. Military
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Bruce-Chwatt, L. J. 1985. In Essent
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Jacobson, R.L., Y. Schlein and E.R.
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Oldfield, E.C. III, M.R. Wallace, K
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Appendix A. Arthropod Species and t
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A.1. Mosquitoes continuedBahrain Cy
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A.2. Reported Distribution of Sand
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A.2. Sand flies continuedBahrain Cy
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A.3. Ticks continuedIXODIDAEBahrain
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A.3. Ticks continuedBahrain Cyprus
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A.4. Fleas continuedBahrain Cyprus
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A.4. Fleas continuedHYSTRICHOPSYLLI
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A.5. Reported Distribution of Scorp
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A.5. Scorpions continuedBahrain Cyp
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Appendix B. Vector Ecology Profiles
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Appendix B.2. Vector Ecology Profil
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B.2. Ticks continuedSpecies Geograp
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In recent years, synthetic pyrethro
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Published Reports of Insecticide Re
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Turkey.Calgar, S.S. 1991. An invest
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Appendix ESelected List of Identifi
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MammaliaHarrison, D.L. and P.J.J. B
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Appendix F: Personal Protective Mea
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Appendix GBioscience and State Depa
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8. Kuwait9. Lebanon10. Oman11. Qata
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Appendix H: Glossaryacaricide - a c
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zoonosis - An infectious disease of
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flies.11. Information on ticks and
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APPENDIX J METRIC CONVERSION TABLEM
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