Middle East DVEP - Armed Forces Pest Management Board

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Table 3. Plants That Cause Contact Dermatitis in the Middle EastBahrain Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey UAE YemenAbrus precatorius + + + + + + +Anacardium+occidentaleBryonia spp. +Croton spp. + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Calotropis spp. +Daphne spp. +Datura spp. + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Erythrophleum spp. +Euphorbia spp. + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Gnida spp.+ + + + + + + + + + + + +(Lasiosiphon spp.)Heracleum spp. +Helotropium spp. +Hoslundia opposita +Manihot esculenta +Mucuna spp. + + + + + + +Phytolacca spp. +Rhus spp.+ + + + + + + + + + +(Toxicodendron spp.)Rhamnus spp. +Ricinus communis + + + + + + + + + + +Solanum spp. +Sterculia spp. + + + + + + + + +Tamus spp. + + + + + + + + + +Taxus spp. + +Urera spp. + +Urtica spp. +147
2. Systemic Toxicity from Ingestion of Plants.Most wild plants contain toxic components, and military personnel must be instructed notto consume local plants unless necessary for survival. Wild plants are difficult to identify,and poisonous plants can easily be mistaken for plants with parts safe to eat. Militarypersonnel will be forced by necessity to consume wild plants during survival operations.To avoid accidental poisoning, they should be thoroughly trained to recognize commonedible plants in the region.Many plants have fruiting bodies that appear edible or have attractive parts, such as thecastor bean. Some military personnel may be tempted to consume plants because they areused locally for various purposes. The cashew nut, Anacardium occidentale, is extremelytoxic if eaten uncooked, and the resin in the plant can cause severe dermatitis. Local loremay attribute medicinal qualities, psychotropic or aphrodisiac effects to native plants.Khat is a shrub cultivated in the Middle East for its leaves and berries, which are chewedor used as a tea. It has euphoric and amphetamine-like effects. Medical personnel andcombat commanders must be aware that some troops will be tempted to experiment withnative plants.In most cases of poisoning, care is usually symptom driven. The age and medicalcondition of the patient influence toxic response and medical treatment. Specialmonitoring and specific drug therapy are indicated in some instances. Because lifethreateningintoxications are rare, military medical personnel may have little experience inmanagement of plant poisoning. In is inappropriate to assume that the toxicity exhibitedby a single member of a genus will apply to all other species of that genus, or that all toxicmembers of a genus will have similar effects. Most toxic plants, regardless of theirultimate effects, induce fluid loss through vomiting and diarrhea. This is important whenmilitary personnel are operating in hot, arid areas. Plant toxicity varies with the plant part,maturity, growing conditions, and genetic variation.TG 196, Guide to Poisonous and Toxic Plants, provides information on toxic plantscommon in the US that also occur in other regions of the world. It includes a list of stateand regional poison control centers. For additional information, contact the Armed ForcesMedical Intelligence Center, Fort Detrick, MD, (301) 619-7574, DSN: 343-7574; FAX:(301) 619-2409 (DSN = 343).148
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1. Table of ContentsI. Preface.....
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IX.Selected ReferencesA. Military P
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and spills have polluted sea- and l
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Sand fly fever is the most widespre
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VENOMOUS ANIMALSThere are 31 specie
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Middle East11
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leptospires, various bacteria and i
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Bandar Abbas (elevation 10 m)Mean D
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a wide variety of human pathogens.
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The Jordan Valley area is part of t
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still numerous sites where waste di
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highlands (445 m elevation) are sim
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ocky central plateau, the Nejd, whi
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MONTH J F M A M J J A S O N DMaximu
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known as the Liwa, form an arc alon
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Table 1. Drug-Resistant Falciparum
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Saudi Arabia: Malaria occurs in the
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General Bionomics. Female anophelin
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host with the body nearly perpendic
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crevices, leaf litter, or moist tre
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All dengue serotypes are now endemi
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period immediately following it (19
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Military Impact and Historical Pers
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on camels, pigs, dogs, donkeys, hum
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CCHF virus loses infectivity shortl
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that usually is associated with cat
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and sheep, although immature stages
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Haemaphysalis punctata is also wide
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The risk of transmission is seasona
Page 101: from bites of infected fleas in sou
Page 104 and 105: and then only while they are on the
Page 106 and 107: Culex pipiens pipiens occurs throug
Page 108 and 109: human morbidity in areas of norther
Page 110 and 111: mortality in calves and lambs and a
Page 112 and 113: 109
Page 114 and 115: 111
Page 116 and 117: human and animal structures. Abando
Page 118 and 119: hospitalized 2,088 patients with sc
Page 120 and 121: Oman: Recognized foci of intestinal
Page 122 and 123: Female worms can deposit from 300 t
Page 124 and 125: Cercariae are killed by exposure fo
Page 126 and 127: 123
Page 128 and 129: personnel moving into an endemic ar
Page 130 and 131: The biology of the Cx. pipiens comp
Page 132 and 133: Depending on the stage of developme
Page 134 and 135: higher in the Balkans. Convalescenc
Page 136 and 137: Scabies mites are very small, about
Page 138 and 139: exude serum, itch for several days,
Page 140 and 141: Eastern countries, including Cyprus
Page 142 and 143: also become attached to the cocoon
Page 144 and 145: sites of attack, and a favorite sit
Page 146 and 147: In the Middle East, the family Elap
Page 148 and 149: Table 2a. continuedBahrain Cyprus I
Page 152 and 153: IX. Selected References.A. Military
Page 154 and 155: Bruce-Chwatt, L. J. 1985. In Essent
Page 156 and 157: Jacobson, R.L., Y. Schlein and E.R.
Page 158 and 159: Oldfield, E.C. III, M.R. Wallace, K
Page 160 and 161: Appendix A. Arthropod Species and t
Page 162 and 163: A.1. Mosquitoes continuedBahrain Cy
Page 164 and 165: A.2. Reported Distribution of Sand
Page 166 and 167: A.2. Sand flies continuedBahrain Cy
Page 168 and 169: A.3. Ticks continuedIXODIDAEBahrain
Page 170 and 171: A.3. Ticks continuedBahrain Cyprus
Page 172 and 173: A.4. Fleas continuedBahrain Cyprus
Page 174 and 175: A.4. Fleas continuedHYSTRICHOPSYLLI
Page 180 and 181: A.5. Reported Distribution of Scorp
Page 182 and 183: A.5. Scorpions continuedBahrain Cyp
Page 184 and 185: Appendix B. Vector Ecology Profiles
Page 186 and 187: Appendix B.2. Vector Ecology Profil
Page 188 and 189: B.2. Ticks continuedSpecies Geograp
Page 190 and 191: In recent years, synthetic pyrethro
Page 192 and 193: Published Reports of Insecticide Re
Page 194 and 195: Turkey.Calgar, S.S. 1991. An invest
Page 196 and 197: Appendix ESelected List of Identifi
Page 198 and 199: MammaliaHarrison, D.L. and P.J.J. B
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Appendix F: Personal Protective Mea
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Appendix GBioscience and State Depa
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8. Kuwait9. Lebanon10. Oman11. Qata
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Appendix H: Glossaryacaricide - a c
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zoonosis - An infectious disease of
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flies.11. Information on ticks and
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APPENDIX J METRIC CONVERSION TABLEM
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