Middle East DVEP - Armed Forces Pest Management Board

where Ankara is located, has hot summers, with temperatures often above 38 o C, and coldwinters, with snow cover generally lasting 20 to 40 days. Annual rainfall on the AnatolianPlateau varies from 250 to 430 mm. The Eastern Highlands area (Turkey’s Siberia) hasbitterly cold winters and hot summers. The mean daily minimum temperature duringJanuary in Kars, in the extreme east, is –18 o C, and the mean daily maximum duringAugust is 26 o C. Mean annual rainfall in the highlands is about 530 mm.________________________________________________________________________Ankara (elevation 860 m)Mean Daily Temperatures ( o C)MONTH J F M A M J J A S O N DMaximum 4 6 11 17 23 26 30 31 26 21 14 6Minimum - 4 - 3 - 1 4 9 12 15 15 11 7 3 - 2Monthly PrecipitationMean (mm) 33 31 33 33 48 25 13 10 18 23 31 48______________________________________________________________________________________c. Population and Culture. Turkey has a rapidly urbanizing population. Althoughoverall population density is 83 persons per sq km, most of the population is concentratedin the lowland and coastal zones. Many inhabitants from the eastern provinces aremigrating to major cities. Istanbul gains approximately 50,000 new inhabitants each year.The population is 70% Turkish, 20% Kurdish, 2% Arab, and 8% other ethnic groups.Total population 64.6 million; 63% urbanized; literacy rate 81%.d. Water, Living and Sanitary Conditions. In many places in Turkey, raw sewageempties directly into surface waters. The rudimentary municipal water treatment anddistribution systems are overwhelmed by the demands of a rapidly increasing population.Water quality varies because of unreliable system integrity, back-siphoning, and crosscontamination.Living and sanitary conditions throughout Turkey, including foodhandlingpractices, generally are well below those in the West. Turkey has undergonerapid urbanization in the past 30 years, and the existing infrastructure is inadequate to meetdemands. More than 50% of Turkish homes lack piped water, and more than 20% arewithout electricity. Nationwide, almost 25% of the population lives in slums, primarily inlarge cities such as Izmir, Ankara, and Istanbul. Many rural houses have 2 levels, withdomestic animals living on the ground level. Most generally lack indoor plumbing. Theseconditions promote the development and maintenance of significant populations of pestsand potential disease vectors. The close association of vectors, disease reservoirs andhumans is a serious public health problem and threatens military personnel coming toTurkey.N. United Arab Emirates (UAE).a. Geography. The UAE has a land area of 82,880 sq km, about the size of Maine,and can be divided into four physiographic areas: (1) The country is mostly a desert plainlying less than 15 m above sea level. Along the desert’s western border, an immensesabkha, or quicksand-like salt flat, extends southward for 112 km. A cluster of oases,59