Middle East DVEP - Armed Forces Pest Management Board

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Appendix B.2. Vector Ecology Profiles of Ticks in the Middle East.Species Geographic Distribution Potential Hosts Disease Transmission Bionomics/Habitat InformationAmblyommavariegatumOman, Ye men, possiblysouthwest Saudi Arabia.Adults and immatures:sheep and cattle.A suspect CCHFvector.A 1-host tick. Species introduced from Africa, oncattle.Boophilus annulatus Throughout the Middle East. Adults and immatures:cattle, sheep, rarely horsesand man.DermacentormarginatusHaemaphysalispunctataHyalommaanatolicumanatolicumTurkey.Turkey.Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel,Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon,Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria,Turkey, UAE, Yemen.H. a. excavatum Cyprus, Iraq, Israel, Jordan,Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria,Turkey, UAE, Yemen.H. dromedarii Iran, Iraq, Oman, Saudi Arabia,Yemen.Adults: sheep, cattle, dogs,deer, humans. Immatures:rodents, hares, foxes,shrews.Adults: cattle, horses,camels, and goats.Immatures: birds and hares.Adults: camels, sheep,goats, cattle, dogs,sometimes humans.Immatures: rodents (esp.gerbils), hares, birds.Adults: cattle, camels,sometimes humans.Immatures: rodents (esp.gerbils), hares, birds.Adults: camels, goats, dogs.Immatures: rodents (esp.gerbils), hares, birds.A minor CCHF vector.TBE, sometimesCCHF.TBE vector.Good vector of CCHF.Transovarialtransmission occurs.Good vector of CCHF.Transovarialtransmission occurs.A zoonotic vector ofCCHF. Transovarialtransmission occurs.A 1-host tick. All stages of the life cycle aregenerally spent on cattle. After feeding and mating,females rest up to a month before laying eggs. Lifecycle
B.2. Ticks continuedSpecies Geographic Distribution Potential Hosts Disease Transmission Bionomics/Habitat InformationH. impeltatum Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon,Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria,UAE, Yemen.H. marginatummarginatumH. marginatumturanicumIraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia,Turkey.Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia.H. rufipes Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon,Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria,Yemen.Adults: camels, cattle, sheep,dogs. Immatures: rodents,gerbils, hares, birds.Adults: cattle, camels, sheep,dogs, humans. Immatures:rodents (esp. gerbils), hares,birds.Adults: cattle, camels, sheep,rarely humans. Immatures:rodents (esp. gerbils), hares,birds.Adults: camels, dogs, cattle,sometimes humans.Immatures: rodents (esp.gerbils), hares, birds.H. truncatum Yemen. Adults: large herbivores,dogs, sometimes man.Immatures: rabbits, calves.Ixodes ricinus Cyprus, Iran, Israel, Turkey. Adults: sheep, cattle, deer,foxes, man. Immatures:rodents, hares, hedgehogs,OrnithodorosasperusA zoonotic vector ofCCHF. Transovarialtransmission occurs.Good vector of CCHF.Transovarialtransmission occurs.Transmitsboutonneuse fever.Good vector of CCHF.Transovarialtransmission occurs.Good vector of CCHF.Transovarialtransmission occursregularly. Transmitsboutonneuse fever.A good CCHF vector.Transovarialtransmission occurs.Principal vector ofLyme disease & TBE.Rarely vectors CCHF.foxes, dogs, man.Iran. Not known. Vectors tick-bornerelapsing fever.A 2-host tick. Immatures feed on small animals.Inhabits semi-desert, savanna, and steppe biotopes.A 2-host tick. Adults quest aggressively from grassor rodent burrows. Feeding lasts 6-12 days, thenfemales oviposit 1000’s of eggs. Resists climaticextremes well.A 2-host tick. Bionomics similar toH. marginatum.A 2-host tick, whose females oviposit afterdropping from the host and die soon afterward.Females feed for 6-12 days. Species resists drought,cold, and heat. Distributed by birds along caravanroutes.A 2-host tick. Immature stages parasitize grounddwellingbirds. Otherwise similar to otherHyalomma species.A 3-host tick. Ranges widely in moist, dense, forestbiotopes. Intolerant of desiccation. Life cyclerequires 2-4 years. Diapauses during winter.Females lay up to 2300 eggs.Multi-host soft tick. Found in caves, huts, cabins,or stables. Rest of bionomics thought similar to O.erraticus.O. erraticus Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon,Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey.Adults: camels, swine, dogs,donkeys, sometimes humans.Immatures: gerbils and otherrodents.Vectors tick-bornerelapsing fever.Multi-host soft tick. Feeds quickly (1-2 hours),usually at night. Usually has 3-4 immature instars.Females mate and may live several years without abloodmeal. Often lives in rodent burrows.184
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1. Table of ContentsI. Preface.....
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IX.Selected ReferencesA. Military P
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and spills have polluted sea- and l
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Sand fly fever is the most widespre
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VENOMOUS ANIMALSThere are 31 specie
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Middle East11
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leptospires, various bacteria and i
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Bandar Abbas (elevation 10 m)Mean D
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a wide variety of human pathogens.
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The Jordan Valley area is part of t
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still numerous sites where waste di
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highlands (445 m elevation) are sim
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ocky central plateau, the Nejd, whi
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MONTH J F M A M J J A S O N DMaximu
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known as the Liwa, form an arc alon
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___________________________________
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Table 1. Drug-Resistant Falciparum
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Saudi Arabia: Malaria occurs in the
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General Bionomics. Female anophelin
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host with the body nearly perpendic
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crevices, leaf litter, or moist tre
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All dengue serotypes are now endemi
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period immediately following it (19
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Military Impact and Historical Pers
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on camels, pigs, dogs, donkeys, hum
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CCHF virus loses infectivity shortl
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that usually is associated with cat
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and sheep, although immature stages
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Haemaphysalis punctata is also wide
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The risk of transmission is seasona
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from bites of infected fleas in sou
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and then only while they are on the
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Culex pipiens pipiens occurs throug
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human morbidity in areas of norther
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mortality in calves and lambs and a
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human and animal structures. Abando
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hospitalized 2,088 patients with sc
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Oman: Recognized foci of intestinal
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Female worms can deposit from 300 t
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Cercariae are killed by exposure fo
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123
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personnel moving into an endemic ar
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The biology of the Cx. pipiens comp
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Depending on the stage of developme
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higher in the Balkans. Convalescenc
Page 136 and 137: Scabies mites are very small, about
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Page 140 and 141: Eastern countries, including Cyprus
Page 142 and 143: also become attached to the cocoon
Page 144 and 145: sites of attack, and a favorite sit
Page 146 and 147: In the Middle East, the family Elap
Page 148 and 149: Table 2a. continuedBahrain Cyprus I
Page 150 and 151: Table 3. Plants That Cause Contact
Page 152 and 153: IX. Selected References.A. Military
Page 154 and 155: Bruce-Chwatt, L. J. 1985. In Essent
Page 156 and 157: Jacobson, R.L., Y. Schlein and E.R.
Page 158 and 159: Oldfield, E.C. III, M.R. Wallace, K
Page 160 and 161: Appendix A. Arthropod Species and t
Page 162 and 163: A.1. Mosquitoes continuedBahrain Cy
Page 164 and 165: A.2. Reported Distribution of Sand
Page 166 and 167: A.2. Sand flies continuedBahrain Cy
Page 168 and 169: A.3. Ticks continuedIXODIDAEBahrain
Page 170 and 171: A.3. Ticks continuedBahrain Cyprus
Page 172 and 173: A.4. Fleas continuedBahrain Cyprus
Page 174 and 175: A.4. Fleas continuedHYSTRICHOPSYLLI
Page 180 and 181: A.5. Reported Distribution of Scorp
Page 182 and 183: A.5. Scorpions continuedBahrain Cyp
Page 184 and 185: Appendix B. Vector Ecology Profiles
Page 188 and 189: B.2. Ticks continuedSpecies Geograp
Page 190 and 191: In recent years, synthetic pyrethro
Page 192 and 193: Published Reports of Insecticide Re
Page 194 and 195: Turkey.Calgar, S.S. 1991. An invest
Page 196 and 197: Appendix ESelected List of Identifi
Page 198 and 199: MammaliaHarrison, D.L. and P.J.J. B
Page 200 and 201: Appendix F: Personal Protective Mea
Page 202 and 203: Appendix GBioscience and State Depa
Page 204 and 205: 8. Kuwait9. Lebanon10. Oman11. Qata
Page 206 and 207: Appendix H: Glossaryacaricide - a c
Page 208 and 209: zoonosis - An infectious disease of
Page 210 and 211: flies.11. Information on ticks and
Page 212: APPENDIX J METRIC CONVERSION TABLEM
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