Bruce-Chwatt, L. J. 1985. In Essential malariology, 2 nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, NewYork.Büttiker, W. 1981. Fauna of Saudi Arabia: observations on urban mosquitoes in SaudiArabia. 3: 472-479.Cloudsley-Thompson, J. 1987. John Hull Grundy memorial lecture, 1987. Warfare,disease and the survival of arthropods in the desert. J. R. Army Med. Corps, London133: 138-142.Cope, S.E., G.W. Schultz, A.L. Richards, H.M. Savage, G.C. Smith, C.J. Mitchell, D.J.Fryauff, J.M. Conlon, J.A. Corneil and K.C. Hyams. 1996. Assessment ofarthropod vectors of infectious diseases in areas of U.S. troop deployment in the PersianGulf. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 54: 49-53.Demirhan, O. and M. Kasap. 1995. Bloodfeeding behavior of An. sacharovi in Turkey.J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 11: 11-14.Eitrem, R., M. Stylianou and B. Niklasson. 1991. High prevalence rates of antibody tothree sandfly fever viruses (Sicilian, Naples, and Toscana) among Cypriots. Epidemiol.Infect. 107: 685-691.Ephros, M., A. Paz and C.L. Jaffe. 1994. Asymptomatic visceral leishmaniasis in Israel.Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88: 651-652.Farzanpay, R. 1990. A catalogue of the scorpions occurring in Iran, up to January 1986.Arch. Inst. Razi, Teheran 41: 1-12.Gaffigan, T.V. and R.A. Ward. 1985. Index to the second supplement to "A catalog ofthe mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae).” Mosq. Syst. 17: 52-63.Gasser, R.A. Jr, A.J. Magill, C.N. Oster and E.C. Tramont. 1991. The threat of infectiousdisease in Americans returning from Operation Desert Storm. N. Engl. J. Med. 324:859-864.Ghandour, A.M., H.S. Al-Ghamdi and A.A. Al-Robai. 1990. A review of snailintermediate hosts of schistosomiasis in Saudi Arabia. J. Med. Appl. Malacol. 2: 79-91.Goddard, J. 1996. Physicians guide to arthropods of medical importance. 2nd ed., CRCPress, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida.Greenblatt, C.L., Y. Schlein and L.F. Schnur. 1985. Leishmaniasis in Israel and vicinity,pp. 415-426. In: K.P. Chang and R.S. Bray [eds.], Human parasitic diseases. Volume 1.Leishmaniasis. Elsevier Publishers, New York.Grogl, M., J.L. Daugirda, D.L. Hoover, A.J. Magil and J.D. Berman. 1993. Survivabilityand infectivity of viscerotropic Leishmania tropica from Operation Desert Stormparticipants in human blood products maintained under blood bank conditions. Am. J.151
Trop. Med. Hyg. 49: 308-315.Guberman, D., K.Y. Mumcuoglu and A. Keysary. 1996. Prevalence of spotted fevergroup rickettsiae in ticks from southern Israel. J. Med. Entomol. 33: 979-982.Harwood, R.F. and M.T. James. 1979. Entomology in human and animal health. 7th ed.,MacMillan Publishing Company, Inc., New York.Hassanein, K.M., O.M.E. el-Azazy and H.M. Yousef. 1997. Detection of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus antibodies in humans and imported livestock in SaudiArabia. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 91: 536-537.Holmes, P.R. 1986. A study of population changes in adult Culex quinquefasciatus Say(Diptera: Culicidae) during a mosquito control programme in Dubai, United ArabEmirates. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 80: 107-116.Hoogstraal, H. 1959. Ticks (Ixodoidea) of Arabia with special reference to the Yemen.Fieldiana: Zoology 39: 297-322.Hoogstraal, H. 1981. Ticks (Ixodoidea) from Oman. J. Oman Studies, Special Report No.2: 265-272.Hoogstraal, H. 1981. Changing patterns of tickborne diseases in modern society, pp. 75-100. In Annual Review of Entomology, Vol. 26, Annual Reviews, Inc., Palo Alto, CA.Hoogstraal, H., H.Y. Wassef and W. Büttiker. 1981. Ticks (Acarina) of Saudi Arabia,Fam. Argasidae, Ixodidae. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 3: 25-110.Hunter, G. W., J.C. Swartzwelder and D.F. Clyde. Tropical medicine, 5 th ed. W.B.Saunders Co., Philadelphia.Hyams, K.C., A.L. Bourgeois, B.R. Merrell, P.Rozmajzl, J. Escamilla, S.A. Thorton, G.M.Wasserman, A. Burke, P.Echeverria and K.Y.Green. 1993. Diarrheal disease duringOperation Desert Shield. N. Engl. J. Med. 325: 1423-1428.Hyams, K.C., K. Hanson, F.S. Wignall, J. Escamilla and E.C. Oldfield III. 1995. Theimpact of infectious diseases on the health of U.S. troops deployed to the Persian Gulfduring Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20: 1497-1504.Ibrahim, E.A., M.A. Al-Zahrani, A.S. Al-Tuwaigri, F.J. Al-Shammary and D.A. Evans.1992. Leishmania infecting man and wild animals in Saudi Arabia. 9. The black rat(Rattus rattus) a probable reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis in Gizan Province, southwestSaudi Arabia. Trans. R. Soc Trop Med. Hyg. 86: 514-514.Idris, M.A., A. Ruppel, P. Numrich, A. Eschlbeck, M.A. Shaban and H.J. Diesfeld. 1994.Schistosomiasis in the southern region of Oman: vector snails and serologicalidentification of patients in several locations. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 97: 205-210.152
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1. Table of ContentsI. Preface.....
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IX.Selected ReferencesA. Military P
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and spills have polluted sea- and l
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Sand fly fever is the most widespre
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VENOMOUS ANIMALSThere are 31 specie
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Middle East11
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leptospires, various bacteria and i
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Bandar Abbas (elevation 10 m)Mean D
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a wide variety of human pathogens.
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The Jordan Valley area is part of t
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still numerous sites where waste di
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highlands (445 m elevation) are sim
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ocky central plateau, the Nejd, whi
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MONTH J F M A M J J A S O N DMaximu
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known as the Liwa, form an arc alon
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___________________________________
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Table 1. Drug-Resistant Falciparum
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Saudi Arabia: Malaria occurs in the
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General Bionomics. Female anophelin
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host with the body nearly perpendic
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crevices, leaf litter, or moist tre
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All dengue serotypes are now endemi
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period immediately following it (19
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Military Impact and Historical Pers
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on camels, pigs, dogs, donkeys, hum
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CCHF virus loses infectivity shortl
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that usually is associated with cat
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and sheep, although immature stages
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Haemaphysalis punctata is also wide
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The risk of transmission is seasona
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from bites of infected fleas in sou
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8. Kuwait9. Lebanon10. Oman11. Qata
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Appendix H: Glossaryacaricide - a c
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zoonosis - An infectious disease of
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flies.11. Information on ticks and
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APPENDIX J METRIC CONVERSION TABLEM