Middle East DVEP - Armed Forces Pest Management Board

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Table 2a. continuedBahrain Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey UAE YemenV. wagneri + +V. xanthina + + ? + ? + +COLUBRIDAEMalpolon monspessulanus + + + + + + +CROTALIDAEAgkistrodon spp. +ELAPIDAENaja haje + + + +N. naja +N. oxiana +Walterinnesia aegyptia + + + + + ? + +Table 2b. Reported Distribution of Venomous Sea Snakes in the Middle East (+ = Present; ? = Uncertain)HYDROPHIIDAE Aden Gulf Arabian Sea Oman Gulf Persian GulfAstrosia stokesi + +Enhydrina schistosa + + +Hydrophis caerulescens +H. cantoris +H. cyanocinctus + + +H. gracilis + + +H. lapermoides + + +H. mamillaris +H. ornatus + + +Lapemis curtus + + +Pelamis platurus ? + + +Praescutata viperina ? + + +145
C. Medical Botany.1. Plants that Cause Contact Dermatitis.Plant dermatitis is a problem of enormous magnitude. Plants produce many clinicalclasses of contact dermal injury. These include mechanical injury, delayed contactsensitivity, contact urticaria, phototoxicity and photoallergy, primary chemical irritation,or some combination of these. Plants causing contact dermatitis in the Middle East arelisted in Table 3.Mechanical injury by splinters, thorns, spines, and sharp leaf edges can produce visualimpairment or fungal and bacterial infections at the site of injury.Members of the Rhus group (poison ivy, oak, and sumac) are the most frequent causes ofacute allergic contact dermatitis. A large portion of the US population is sensitive tourushiol in the sap of these plants. Sensitivity to a substance develops after initialcutaneous contact. Once sensitized, subsequent exposure will elicit an allergic response inwhich the whole body surface becomes reactive. Even smoke from burning plants canproduce an allergic response. Barrier creams have been developed to prevent contactdermatitis in people sensitive to urushiol.Contact urticaria may result from immunological or nonimmunological host responses,although the latter is more common. Nettles, such as Urtica spp., are examples of plantsthat cause nonimmunologic contact urticaria. These plants have hollow stinging hairs thatinject a chemical after penetration of the skin. A burning sensation and pruritis occuralmost immediately.A number of cultivated plants of the carrot and rue families sensitize the skin to longwaveultraviolet light. Within 6 to 24 hours of contact with the plant and exposure tosunlight or fluorescent light, the area of contact will selectively burn. In some cases,hyperpigmentation may persist for several months.Some plants contain primary chemical irritants that produce skin damage resembling thatfrom contact with a corrosive acid. The reaction depends on the potency of the irritant.The most serious reactions involve the eye. Daphne spp. and Euphorbia spp. areexamples of plants containing chemical irritants.For addition information on plants causing dermatitis, contact the Armed Forces MedicalIntelligence Center, Fort Detrick, MD. (301) 619-7574, DSN: 343-7574; FAX: (301) 619-2409 (DSN = 343).146
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1. Table of ContentsI. Preface.....
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IX.Selected ReferencesA. Military P
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and spills have polluted sea- and l
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Sand fly fever is the most widespre
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VENOMOUS ANIMALSThere are 31 specie
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Middle East11
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leptospires, various bacteria and i
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Bandar Abbas (elevation 10 m)Mean D
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a wide variety of human pathogens.
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The Jordan Valley area is part of t
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still numerous sites where waste di
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highlands (445 m elevation) are sim
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ocky central plateau, the Nejd, whi
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MONTH J F M A M J J A S O N DMaximu
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known as the Liwa, form an arc alon
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___________________________________
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Table 1. Drug-Resistant Falciparum
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Saudi Arabia: Malaria occurs in the
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General Bionomics. Female anophelin
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host with the body nearly perpendic
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crevices, leaf litter, or moist tre
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All dengue serotypes are now endemi
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period immediately following it (19
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Military Impact and Historical Pers
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on camels, pigs, dogs, donkeys, hum
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CCHF virus loses infectivity shortl
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that usually is associated with cat
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and sheep, although immature stages
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Haemaphysalis punctata is also wide
Page 98 and 99: The risk of transmission is seasona
Page 101: from bites of infected fleas in sou
Page 104 and 105: and then only while they are on the
Page 106 and 107: Culex pipiens pipiens occurs throug
Page 108 and 109: human morbidity in areas of norther
Page 110 and 111: mortality in calves and lambs and a
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Page 116 and 117: human and animal structures. Abando
Page 118 and 119: hospitalized 2,088 patients with sc
Page 120 and 121: Oman: Recognized foci of intestinal
Page 122 and 123: Female worms can deposit from 300 t
Page 124 and 125: Cercariae are killed by exposure fo
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Page 128 and 129: personnel moving into an endemic ar
Page 130 and 131: The biology of the Cx. pipiens comp
Page 132 and 133: Depending on the stage of developme
Page 134 and 135: higher in the Balkans. Convalescenc
Page 136 and 137: Scabies mites are very small, about
Page 138 and 139: exude serum, itch for several days,
Page 140 and 141: Eastern countries, including Cyprus
Page 142 and 143: also become attached to the cocoon
Page 144 and 145: sites of attack, and a favorite sit
Page 146 and 147: In the Middle East, the family Elap
Page 150 and 151: Table 3. Plants That Cause Contact
Page 152 and 153: IX. Selected References.A. Military
Page 154 and 155: Bruce-Chwatt, L. J. 1985. In Essent
Page 156 and 157: Jacobson, R.L., Y. Schlein and E.R.
Page 158 and 159: Oldfield, E.C. III, M.R. Wallace, K
Page 160 and 161: Appendix A. Arthropod Species and t
Page 162 and 163: A.1. Mosquitoes continuedBahrain Cy
Page 164 and 165: A.2. Reported Distribution of Sand
Page 166 and 167: A.2. Sand flies continuedBahrain Cy
Page 168 and 169: A.3. Ticks continuedIXODIDAEBahrain
Page 170 and 171: A.3. Ticks continuedBahrain Cyprus
Page 172 and 173: A.4. Fleas continuedBahrain Cyprus
Page 174 and 175: A.4. Fleas continuedHYSTRICHOPSYLLI
Page 180 and 181: A.5. Reported Distribution of Scorp
Page 182 and 183: A.5. Scorpions continuedBahrain Cyp
Page 184 and 185: Appendix B. Vector Ecology Profiles
Page 186 and 187: Appendix B.2. Vector Ecology Profil
Page 188 and 189: B.2. Ticks continuedSpecies Geograp
Page 190 and 191: In recent years, synthetic pyrethro
Page 192 and 193: Published Reports of Insecticide Re
Page 194 and 195: Turkey.Calgar, S.S. 1991. An invest
Page 196 and 197: Appendix ESelected List of Identifi
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MammaliaHarrison, D.L. and P.J.J. B
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Appendix F: Personal Protective Mea
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Appendix GBioscience and State Depa
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8. Kuwait9. Lebanon10. Oman11. Qata
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Appendix H: Glossaryacaricide - a c
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zoonosis - An infectious disease of
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flies.11. Information on ticks and
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APPENDIX J METRIC CONVERSION TABLEM
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