Middle East DVEP - Armed Forces Pest Management Board

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B.2. Ticks continuedSpecies Geographic Distribution Potential Hosts Disease Transmission Bionomics/Habitat InformationO. tholozani Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon,Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey.Adults: camels, sheep, rarelyhumans. Immatures:unknown.Vectors tick-bornerelapsing fever.Multi-host soft tick. Found in caves, huts, cabins,or stables. Rest of bionomics similar to O.erraticus.RhipicephalusappendiculatusSouthwest Saudi Arabia.Adults: cattle, sheep.Immatures: rodents,hedgehogs, hares.R. bursa Turkey. Adults: swine, cattle, sheep,rarely horses. Immatures:rodents, hares, foxes, shrews.R. sanguineus Throughout the Middle East. Adults: dogs, cattle, horses,sheep, sometimes man.Immatures: same.R. turanicus Israel, Jordan, Lebanon. Adults: camels, sheep, goats,man. Immatures: gerbils,rodents, dogs.Transmitsboutonneuse fever.An occasionalzoonotic CCHFvector.An occasional CCHFvector. Also vectorsboutonneuse fever.Transmitsboutonneuse fever.A 3-host tick. Introduced from Africa. Requires ahumid environment. Females lay hundreds of eggsin dens of hosts.A 2-host tick. Has a 1-year life cycle. Adultsoverwinter. May become inactive if a host is notfound in the summer.A 3-host tick. Adults frequent the ears, or betweentoes of dogs. Immatures prefer long hair at the backof the neck. Females crawl upward and lay eggs incracks of walls or ceilings.A 3-host tick. Lays eggs in dens of hosts. Requiresa humid environment. Relatively passive inquesting habits.185
Appendix CPesticide-Resistant Arthropods in the Middle EastVector-borne diseases are an increasing cause of death and suffering in many areas of theworld. Efforts to control these diseases have been founded on the use of chemicalpesticides. However, the spread of resistance among arthropods has rendered manypesticides ineffective, while few substitute pesticides are being developed.Resistance is formally defined by the WHO as "the development of an ability in a strain ofsome organism to tolerate doses of a toxicant that would prove fatal to a majority ofindividuals in a normal population of the same species." Resistance has a genetic basis andarises from a change in the genetic composition of a population, which is a direct result ofthe selection effects of the pesticide.Early detection and monitoring are vital to resistance management. Historically,standardized methods, test kits, and insecticides were provided by the WHO. The simplestmethod of detecting resistance is the diagnostic dose test. The diagnostic dose is apredetermined insecticide dose known to be lethal to a high proportion of susceptibleindividuals, but that a high proportion of resistant individuals can tolerate. A list ofrecommended diagnostic doses of many insecticides for a number of arthropod vectors isavailable from the WHO. For terrestrial and/or adult stages, the insecticide is eitherapplied topically or insects are exposed to a surface treated with insecticide. For aquaticstages, insecticide is added to water at given concentrations.New approaches use biochemical tests to detect resistance and determine resistancemechanisms. These methods permit rapid multiple assays of a single specimen.Worldwide application of biochemical assays will require production of standardized kitssimilar to the insecticide bioassay kits supplied by the WHO. The choice of method to testfor resistance is of great importance in order to determine resistance mechanisms. ConsultTG 189, Procedures for the Diagnostic Dose Resistance Test Kits for Mosquitoes, BodyLice, and Beetle Pests of Stored Products. To obtain test kits and additionalrecommendations for resistance testing contact :USACHPPM/Entomology Science Programs5158 Blackhawk RoadAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5422Tel: (410) 436-3613DSN: 584-3613, FAX: (410) 346-2037Pesticide resistance can be classified into two broad categories: physiological andbehavioral. There are many mechanisms of physiological resistance, including reducedpenetration of insecticides through the cuticle, presence of enzymes that detoxify theinsecticide, and reduced sensitivity of the target site of the insecticide. Physiologicalresistance can confer cross-resistance to structurally related insecticides of the samechemical class or related classes. Some vector populations have acquired severalresistance mechanisms providing multiple resistance to a variety of insecticide classes.Many vector control programs have reached a stage where resistance is so great that fewchemical alternatives are available.186
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1. Table of ContentsI. Preface.....
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IX.Selected ReferencesA. Military P
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and spills have polluted sea- and l
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Sand fly fever is the most widespre
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VENOMOUS ANIMALSThere are 31 specie
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Middle East11
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leptospires, various bacteria and i
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Bandar Abbas (elevation 10 m)Mean D
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a wide variety of human pathogens.
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The Jordan Valley area is part of t
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still numerous sites where waste di
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highlands (445 m elevation) are sim
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ocky central plateau, the Nejd, whi
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MONTH J F M A M J J A S O N DMaximu
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known as the Liwa, form an arc alon
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Table 1. Drug-Resistant Falciparum
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Saudi Arabia: Malaria occurs in the
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General Bionomics. Female anophelin
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host with the body nearly perpendic
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crevices, leaf litter, or moist tre
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All dengue serotypes are now endemi
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period immediately following it (19
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Military Impact and Historical Pers
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on camels, pigs, dogs, donkeys, hum
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CCHF virus loses infectivity shortl
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that usually is associated with cat
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and sheep, although immature stages
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Haemaphysalis punctata is also wide
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The risk of transmission is seasona
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from bites of infected fleas in sou
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and then only while they are on the
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Culex pipiens pipiens occurs throug
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human morbidity in areas of norther
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mortality in calves and lambs and a
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109
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human and animal structures. Abando
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hospitalized 2,088 patients with sc
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Oman: Recognized foci of intestinal
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Female worms can deposit from 300 t
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Cercariae are killed by exposure fo
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123
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personnel moving into an endemic ar
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The biology of the Cx. pipiens comp
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Depending on the stage of developme
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higher in the Balkans. Convalescenc
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Scabies mites are very small, about
Page 138 and 139: exude serum, itch for several days,
Page 140 and 141: Eastern countries, including Cyprus
Page 142 and 143: also become attached to the cocoon
Page 144 and 145: sites of attack, and a favorite sit
Page 146 and 147: In the Middle East, the family Elap
Page 148 and 149: Table 2a. continuedBahrain Cyprus I
Page 150 and 151: Table 3. Plants That Cause Contact
Page 152 and 153: IX. Selected References.A. Military
Page 154 and 155: Bruce-Chwatt, L. J. 1985. In Essent
Page 156 and 157: Jacobson, R.L., Y. Schlein and E.R.
Page 158 and 159: Oldfield, E.C. III, M.R. Wallace, K
Page 160 and 161: Appendix A. Arthropod Species and t
Page 162 and 163: A.1. Mosquitoes continuedBahrain Cy
Page 164 and 165: A.2. Reported Distribution of Sand
Page 166 and 167: A.2. Sand flies continuedBahrain Cy
Page 168 and 169: A.3. Ticks continuedIXODIDAEBahrain
Page 170 and 171: A.3. Ticks continuedBahrain Cyprus
Page 172 and 173: A.4. Fleas continuedBahrain Cyprus
Page 174 and 175: A.4. Fleas continuedHYSTRICHOPSYLLI
Page 180 and 181: A.5. Reported Distribution of Scorp
Page 182 and 183: A.5. Scorpions continuedBahrain Cyp
Page 184 and 185: Appendix B. Vector Ecology Profiles
Page 186 and 187: Appendix B.2. Vector Ecology Profil
Page 190 and 191: In recent years, synthetic pyrethro
Page 192 and 193: Published Reports of Insecticide Re
Page 194 and 195: Turkey.Calgar, S.S. 1991. An invest
Page 196 and 197: Appendix ESelected List of Identifi
Page 198 and 199: MammaliaHarrison, D.L. and P.J.J. B
Page 200 and 201: Appendix F: Personal Protective Mea
Page 202 and 203: Appendix GBioscience and State Depa
Page 204 and 205: 8. Kuwait9. Lebanon10. Oman11. Qata
Page 206 and 207: Appendix H: Glossaryacaricide - a c
Page 208 and 209: zoonosis - An infectious disease of
Page 210 and 211: flies.11. Information on ticks and
Page 212: APPENDIX J METRIC CONVERSION TABLEM
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