Middle East DVEP - Armed Forces Pest Management Board

More documents

Recommendations

Info

In recent years, synthetic pyrethroids have replaced widely used classes of insecticides,such as organophosphates, carbamates, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. These pyrethroidshave shown great promise for vector control due to their low mammalian toxicity andability to quickly immobilize and kill arthropods at low dosages. Unfortunately, resistanceto these compounds has been detected in several medically important arthropods. An issueof concern in vector control is whether DDT resistance confers cross-resistance topyrethroids as a result of similar resistance mechanisms. Increasing pyrethroid resistanceis of particular concern to the US military because of the widespread use of permethrin andother pyrethroids in BDUs, bednets, and vector control programs.Changes in behavior that result in reduced contact with an insecticide include a reducedtendency to enter treated areas or an increased tendency to move away from a surfacetreated with insecticide once contact is made. These are population-based changes in aspecies' genome resulting from the selection pressure of insecticide use. Avoidancebehavior is widespread but poorly understood. Some form of behavioral avoidance hasbeen documented for virtually every major vector species. Methods to detect anddetermine behavioral resistance have not been standardized and are difficult to interpret.Pesticide resistance will be an increasing problem for vector control personnel. More than90% of all pesticides are used for agricultural purposes. Insecticide resistance in at least 17species of mosquitoes in various countries has occurred because of indirect selectionpressure by agricultural pesticides. The development of organophosphate and carbamateresistance in Anopheles sacharovi, An. hyrcanus and An. maculipennis in the Cukurovaplain and the northern area around Osmanjik in Turkey has been attributed to the use ofchemicals for agricultural pest control.A pesticide use strategy that will prevent the evolution of resistance has not beendeveloped. Tactics to manage or delay the development of resistance include thefollowing: 1) using nonchemical methods of control as much as possible, 2) varying thedose or frequency of pesticide application, 3) using local rather than area-wide application,4) applying treatments locally only during outbreaks of vector-borne diseases, 5) using lesspersistent pesticides, 6) treating only certain life stages of the vector, 7) using mixtures ofpesticides with different modes of action, 8) using improved pesticide formulations, 9)rotating pesticides having different modes of action, 10) using synergists.Reports of resistance must be interpreted carefully. Resistant populations tend to revert tosusceptible status once insecticide selection pressure has been removed, so old reports ofresistance may no longer apply. Isolated reports of resistance, although recent, mayindicate focal resistance that has not become widespread. The length of time an insecticidehas been used at a location may not be helpful in predicting the presence of resistance.Vectors in some countries have never developed resistance to DDT, despite decades of usein malaria control. Only appropriate resistance monitoring can guide the vector controlspecialist in the selection of a suitable insecticide.187
Table 4. Specific Reports of Insecticide Resistance in the Middle East.Country Species Insecticide Location Date ofReportCyprus Cx. pipiens malathion, temephos, ? 1996fenthion, propoxur,permethrin,chlorpyrifos,pirimiphos methylIran An. stephensi malathion southern 1985IranIran An. stephensi malathion Province of 1985FarsIran P. papatasi DDT Isfahan 1992Iran An. culicifacies malathion southeastern 1988IranIran An. stephensi DDT southern 1988IranIsrael P. papatasi methoxychlor Jordan1987ValleyIsrael Cx. pipiens fenthion, temephos, ? 1982chlorpyrifosIsrael P. h. capitis permethrin Jerusalem 1995Saudi Arabia Cx. pipiens malathion,Jeddah 1990chlorpyrifosSaudi Arabia Cx.DDT, permethrin ? 1989quinquefasciatusTurkey M. domestica malathion Ankara, 1985HatayTurkey P. h. capitis lindane ? 1995Turkey An. sacharovi dieldrin, malathion, Cukurova 1984propoxurTurkey An. sacharovi DDT, dieldrin Cukurova 1992Turkey An. hyrcanus organophosphates Cukurova 1980Turkey An. maculipennis organophosphates Manjik 1980188
Page 4 and 5:
1. Table of ContentsI. Preface.....
Page 6 and 7:
IX.Selected ReferencesA. Military P
Page 8 and 9:
and spills have polluted sea- and l
Page 10 and 11:
Sand fly fever is the most widespre
Page 12 and 13:
VENOMOUS ANIMALSThere are 31 specie
Page 14:
Middle East11
Page 47 and 48:
leptospires, various bacteria and i
Page 49 and 50:
Bandar Abbas (elevation 10 m)Mean D
Page 51 and 52:
a wide variety of human pathogens.
Page 53 and 54:
The Jordan Valley area is part of t
Page 55 and 56:
still numerous sites where waste di
Page 57 and 58:
highlands (445 m elevation) are sim
Page 59 and 60:
ocky central plateau, the Nejd, whi
Page 61 and 62:
MONTH J F M A M J J A S O N DMaximu
Page 63 and 64:
known as the Liwa, form an arc alon
Page 65 and 66:
___________________________________
Page 67 and 68:
Table 1. Drug-Resistant Falciparum
Page 70 and 71:
Saudi Arabia: Malaria occurs in the
Page 73 and 74:
General Bionomics. Female anophelin
Page 75:
host with the body nearly perpendic
Page 78 and 79:
crevices, leaf litter, or moist tre
Page 80 and 81:
All dengue serotypes are now endemi
Page 82 and 83:
period immediately following it (19
Page 84:
Military Impact and Historical Pers
Page 87 and 88:
on camels, pigs, dogs, donkeys, hum
Page 89 and 90:
CCHF virus loses infectivity shortl
Page 91 and 92:
that usually is associated with cat
Page 93 and 94:
and sheep, although immature stages
Page 95 and 96:
Haemaphysalis punctata is also wide
Page 98 and 99:
The risk of transmission is seasona
Page 101:
from bites of infected fleas in sou
Page 104 and 105:
and then only while they are on the
Page 106 and 107:
Culex pipiens pipiens occurs throug
Page 108 and 109:
human morbidity in areas of norther
Page 110 and 111:
mortality in calves and lambs and a
Page 112 and 113:
109
Page 114 and 115:
111
Page 116 and 117:
human and animal structures. Abando
Page 118 and 119:
hospitalized 2,088 patients with sc
Page 120 and 121:
Oman: Recognized foci of intestinal
Page 122 and 123:
Female worms can deposit from 300 t
Page 124 and 125:
Cercariae are killed by exposure fo
Page 126 and 127:
123
Page 128 and 129:
personnel moving into an endemic ar
Page 130 and 131:
The biology of the Cx. pipiens comp
Page 132 and 133:
Depending on the stage of developme
Page 134 and 135:
higher in the Balkans. Convalescenc
Page 136 and 137:
Scabies mites are very small, about
Page 138 and 139:
exude serum, itch for several days,
Page 140 and 141: Eastern countries, including Cyprus
Page 142 and 143: also become attached to the cocoon
Page 144 and 145: sites of attack, and a favorite sit
Page 146 and 147: In the Middle East, the family Elap
Page 148 and 149: Table 2a. continuedBahrain Cyprus I
Page 150 and 151: Table 3. Plants That Cause Contact
Page 152 and 153: IX. Selected References.A. Military
Page 154 and 155: Bruce-Chwatt, L. J. 1985. In Essent
Page 156 and 157: Jacobson, R.L., Y. Schlein and E.R.
Page 158 and 159: Oldfield, E.C. III, M.R. Wallace, K
Page 160 and 161: Appendix A. Arthropod Species and t
Page 162 and 163: A.1. Mosquitoes continuedBahrain Cy
Page 164 and 165: A.2. Reported Distribution of Sand
Page 166 and 167: A.2. Sand flies continuedBahrain Cy
Page 168 and 169: A.3. Ticks continuedIXODIDAEBahrain
Page 170 and 171: A.3. Ticks continuedBahrain Cyprus
Page 172 and 173: A.4. Fleas continuedBahrain Cyprus
Page 174 and 175: A.4. Fleas continuedHYSTRICHOPSYLLI
Page 180 and 181: A.5. Reported Distribution of Scorp
Page 182 and 183: A.5. Scorpions continuedBahrain Cyp
Page 184 and 185: Appendix B. Vector Ecology Profiles
Page 186 and 187: Appendix B.2. Vector Ecology Profil
Page 188 and 189: B.2. Ticks continuedSpecies Geograp
Page 192 and 193: Published Reports of Insecticide Re
Page 194 and 195: Turkey.Calgar, S.S. 1991. An invest
Page 196 and 197: Appendix ESelected List of Identifi
Page 198 and 199: MammaliaHarrison, D.L. and P.J.J. B
Page 200 and 201: Appendix F: Personal Protective Mea
Page 202 and 203: Appendix GBioscience and State Depa
Page 204 and 205: 8. Kuwait9. Lebanon10. Oman11. Qata
Page 206 and 207: Appendix H: Glossaryacaricide - a c
Page 208 and 209: zoonosis - An infectious disease of
Page 210 and 211: flies.11. Information on ticks and
Page 212: APPENDIX J METRIC CONVERSION TABLEM
show all

Middle East DVEP - Armed Forces Pest Management Board

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?