X-ray Study of Low-mass Young Stellar Objects in the ρ Ophiuchi ...

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viiiLIST OF FIGURES4.7 Energy resolution of ACIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.8 Quantum efficiency and effective area of ACIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.9 Schematic for determining the ACIS grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285.1 X-ray false-color image of the ρ Oph cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.2 Offset between the Chandra and 2MASS sources (before the offset correction) . . . . 345.3 Offset between the Chandra and 2MASS sources (after the offset correction) plottedagainst their off-axis angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355.4 Histogram of the best-fit abundance for bright sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376.1 ACIS image around A-49 = GY91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576.2 Light curve and spectrum (during the second flare) of BF-64 = YLW16A . . . . . . 606.3 Chandra light curves of DoAr21, ROXs21, and ROXs31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646.4 ASCA light curves of DoAr21, ROXs21, and ROXs31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646.5 Spectra of DoAr21, ROXs21, and ROXs31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656.6 Elemental abundances of DoAr21, ROXs21, and ROXs31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656.7 Close-up view of the spectrum of ROXs21 around 1.2 keV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676.8 X-ray luminosity plotted against (a) the plasma temperature and (b) the mean abundanceof DoAr21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686.9 Light curve and time evolution of the spectral parameters during the giant flare ofROXs31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716.10 Light curve and time evolution of kT and EM of GY12 in obs-BF . . . . . . . . . . 726.11 Time-averaged spectrum of A-23 = GY21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736.12 Time-averaged spectrum of A-24 = S2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736.13 Time-averaged spectra of S1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756.14 Light curve and time evolution of kT and EM of A-79 = GY195 . . . . . . . . . . . 776.15 Spectrum of BF10 = WL22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776.16 Spectra of BD and BD c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
LIST OF FIGURESix6.17 Light curves of BD and BD c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816.18 ACIS images around SM1 and B1-MM4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826.19 Light curves of A-29, A-31, and BF-36 in the 2.0–9.0 keV band . . . . . . . . . . . . 836.20 Spectra of A-29, A-31, and BF-36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856.21 12 CO (J=1–0) map around VLA1623 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866.22 The relation between the X-ray ionization rate and the distance from A-29, A-31,and BF-36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886.23 Composite spectra of unidentified sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.24 Spatial distribution of unidentified sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906.25 ACIS image around the ρ Oph core A region in 0.5–2.0 keV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916.26 ACIS image around A-48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926.27 Spectra of LFAM21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926.28 ACIS image around BF-92 overlaid on the H 2 contour map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936.29 Close-up ACIS image around BF-S7 and CRBR85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947.1 Relation between L bol and A V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967.2 Normalized X-ray luminosity functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977.3 Histogram of N H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007.4 Histograms of < kT > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007.5 Histograms of τ r and τ d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017.6 Relation between N H and A V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027.7 Relation between the bolometric and X-ray luminosities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037.8 Relation between the stellar mass and X-ray luminosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047.9 Relation between the radio and X-ray luminosities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1058.1 Relation between the rise and decay timescales of flares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1098.2 Relation between the temperature and rise timescale of flares . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Page 3: Contents1 Introduction 12 Review of
Page 9: List of Figures2.1 The H-R diagram
Page 13 and 14: List of Tables3.1 Multiwavelength s
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1IntroductionStar formation
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2Review of Low-mass Young S
Page 19 and 20: 2.1. EVOLUTION OF LOW-MASS STARS 5w
Page 21 and 22: 2.2. MOLECULAR CLOUDS 72.2 Molecula
Page 23 and 24: 2.3. X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF LOW-MASS
Page 25 and 26: 2.3. X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF LOW-MASS
Page 27: 2.3. X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF LOW-MASS
Page 30 and 31: 16 CHAPTER 3. REVIEW OF THE ρ OPHI
Page 36 and 37: 22 CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENTATIONrespec
Page 38 and 39: 24 CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENTATIONangle
Page 40 and 41: 26 CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENTATIONThe AC
Page 42 and 43: ¨28 CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENTATIONspli
Page 44 and 45: 30 CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENTATIONTable
Page 46 and 47: 32 CHAPTER 5. CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS
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46 CHAPTER 5. CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS
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62 CHAPTER 6. INDIVIDUAL SOURCES6.2
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94 CHAPTER 6. INDIVIDUAL SOURCESPra
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96 CHAPTER 7. OVERALL FEATURE OF X-
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98 CHAPTER 7. OVERALL FEATURE OF X-
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100 CHAPTER 7. OVERALL FEATURE OF X
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Chapter 8Systematic Study of YSO Fl
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8.2. CORRELATION BETWEEN THE FLARE
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8.3. MAGNETIC RECONNECTION MODEL 11
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8.5. EFFECT OF THE QUIESCENT X-RAYS
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8.6. EVOLUTION OF YSOS AND THEIR FL
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Chapter 9ConclusionWe summarize the
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Appendix AFlare Light CurvesFig. A.
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Fig.A.2 (Continued)121
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Fig. A.4.— Same as Figure A.1, bu
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126 APPENDIX B. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
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128 APPENDIX B. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
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Appendix CModeling of the FlareIn t
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C.2. PREDICTED CORRELATIONS BETWEEN
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BibliographyAgeorges, N., Eckart, A
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 137Feigelson, E. D., &
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 139Johnstone, D., Wils
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 141Rutledge, R. E., Ba
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 143Yokoyama, T. & Shib
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X-ray Study of Low-mass Young Stellar Objects in the ρ Ophiuchi ...

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