X-ray Study of Low-mass Young Stellar Objects in the ρ Ophiuchi ...

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xLIST OF FIGURES8.3 Plot of < kT > and of flares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1138.4 Histograms of < kT > for the flares, when the quiescent X-rays are used as backgroundspectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1148.5 Relation between < kT > and τ r , when the quiescent X-rays are used as backgroundspectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1148.6 Schematic view of the evolution of X-ray flares of low-mass objects . . . . . . . . . . 115A.1 Flare light curves of class I sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119A.2 Flare light curves of class II sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120A.3 Flare light curves of class III+III c sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122A.4 Flare light curves of unclassified NIR and unidentified sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
List of Tables3.1 Multiwavelength source catalogues in the ρ Oph cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.1 Basic characteristics of the Chandra scientific instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224.2 Relation between the ASCA/SIS and ACIS grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284.3 Telemetry saturation limits of ACIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305.1 Log of the Chandra ACIS-I observations of the ρ Oph main body . . . . . . . . . . 315.2 Chandra X-ray sources in the ρ Oph region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.3 Identifications of the X-ray sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475.4 Detected X-ray flares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546.1 Best-fit parameters of BF64 = YLW16A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616.2 ASCA/GIS observation log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636.3 Best-fit parameters of DoAr21, ROXs21, and ROXs31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666.4 Best-fit parameters of S1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766.5 Bona-fide and candidate brown dwarfs in the ρ Oph cloud cores . . . . . . . . . . . 796.6 Spectral parameters of A-29, A-31, and BF-36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846.7 Best-fit parameters of the composite spectra of unidentified sources . . . . . . . . . 916.8 Best-fit parameters of LFAM21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937.1 The number of X-ray sources and detection rate for each class . . . . . . . . . . . . 96xi
Page 3: Contents1 Introduction 12 Review of
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures2.1 The H-R diagram
Page 11: LIST OF FIGURESix6.17 Light curves
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1IntroductionStar formation
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2Review of Low-mass Young S
Page 19 and 20: 2.1. EVOLUTION OF LOW-MASS STARS 5w
Page 21 and 22: 2.2. MOLECULAR CLOUDS 72.2 Molecula
Page 23 and 24: 2.3. X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF LOW-MASS
Page 25 and 26: 2.3. X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF LOW-MASS
Page 27: 2.3. X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF LOW-MASS
Page 30 and 31: 16 CHAPTER 3. REVIEW OF THE ρ OPHI
Page 36 and 37: 22 CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENTATIONrespec
Page 38 and 39: 24 CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENTATIONangle
Page 40 and 41: 26 CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENTATIONThe AC
Page 42 and 43: ¨28 CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENTATIONspli
Page 44 and 45: 30 CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENTATIONTable
Page 46 and 47: 32 CHAPTER 5. CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS
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48 CHAPTER 5. CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS
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58 CHAPTER 6. INDIVIDUAL SOURCEShig
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60 CHAPTER 6. INDIVIDUAL SOURCESres
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62 CHAPTER 6. INDIVIDUAL SOURCES6.2
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64 CHAPTER 6. INDIVIDUAL SOURCESfla
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66 CHAPTER 6. INDIVIDUAL SOURCESTab
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68 CHAPTER 6. INDIVIDUAL SOURCESUsi
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90 CHAPTER 6. INDIVIDUAL SOURCESThe
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92 CHAPTER 6. INDIVIDUAL SOURCESFig
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94 CHAPTER 6. INDIVIDUAL SOURCESPra
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96 CHAPTER 7. OVERALL FEATURE OF X-
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98 CHAPTER 7. OVERALL FEATURE OF X-
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100 CHAPTER 7. OVERALL FEATURE OF X
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Chapter 8Systematic Study of YSO Fl
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8.2. CORRELATION BETWEEN THE FLARE
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8.3. MAGNETIC RECONNECTION MODEL 11
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8.5. EFFECT OF THE QUIESCENT X-RAYS
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8.6. EVOLUTION OF YSOS AND THEIR FL
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Chapter 9ConclusionWe summarize the
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Appendix AFlare Light CurvesFig. A.
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Fig.A.2 (Continued)121
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Fig. A.4.— Same as Figure A.1, bu
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126 APPENDIX B. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
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128 APPENDIX B. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
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Appendix CModeling of the FlareIn t
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C.2. PREDICTED CORRELATIONS BETWEEN
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BibliographyAgeorges, N., Eckart, A
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 137Feigelson, E. D., &
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 139Johnstone, D., Wils
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 141Rutledge, R. E., Ba
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 143Yokoyama, T. & Shib
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X-ray Study of Low-mass Young Stellar Objects in the ρ Ophiuchi ...

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