X-ray Study of Low-mass Young Stellar Objects in the ρ Ophiuchi ...

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100 CHAPTER 7. OVERALL FEATURE OF X-RAY EMISSION FROM YSOSFig. 7.3.— The histogram of log(N H ) for each class, with their mean values (Mean) and standarddeviation (σ). Parentheses indicate errors of the mean values.Fig. 7.4.— Same as Figure 7.3, but for < kT > in the (a) quiescent and (b) flare phases for eachclass, with their mean values (Mean) and standard deviation (σ) in the unit of keV for each class.Parentheses indicate errors of the mean values.
7.3. DISTRIBUTION OF X-RAY PARAMETERS 101Fig. 7.5.— Same as Figure 7.3, but for flare rise and decay timescales (τ r and τ d ), with their meanvalues (Mean) and standard deviation (σ) in the unit of ks. Parentheses indicate errors of the meanvalues.Table 7.2: Results of two-sample tests for the differences of the observed parameters among classesParameter — Sample size * — — Probability for the null hypothesis † —I II III+III c I vs II+III+III c I+II vs III+III c II vs III+III cGW logrank GW logrank GW logranklogL X (Flare) 8 36 16 0.059 0.063 ... ... ... ...logL X (Quiescent) 8 61 26 ... ... ... ... ... ...logN H 8 56 24 0.005 0.028 0.031 0.015 ... 0.086< kT > (Flare) 7 35 16 0.079 ... 0.060 0.017 ... 0.047< kT > (Quiescent) 7 61 24 0.008 0.022 0.046 0.037 ... 0.026τ r 6 28 8 ... ... ... ... ... ...τ d 7 28 12 ... ... ... ... ... ...* The number of data points used for the two-sample tests.† Probability that the hypothesis of two distributions being the same is true, which is derived with theGehan’s generalized Wilcoxon test (GW) and the logrank test (Feigelson & Nelson, 1985). Blank (...)indicates that the probability is larger than 0.1.
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Contents1 Introduction 12 Review of
Page 9 and 10:
List of Figures2.1 The H-R diagram
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LIST OF FIGURESix6.17 Light curves
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List of Tables3.1 Multiwavelength s
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Chapter 1IntroductionStar formation
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Chapter 2Review of Low-mass Young S
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2.1. EVOLUTION OF LOW-MASS STARS 5w
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2.2. MOLECULAR CLOUDS 72.2 Molecula
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2.3. X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF LOW-MASS
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16 CHAPTER 3. REVIEW OF THE ρ OPHI
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22 CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENTATIONrespec
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24 CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENTATIONangle
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26 CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENTATIONThe AC
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30 CHAPTER 4. INSTRUMENTATIONTable
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32 CHAPTER 5. CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS
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Page 64 and 65: 50 CHAPTER 5. CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS
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Page 121 and 122: Chapter 8Systematic Study of YSO Fl
Page 123 and 124: 8.2. CORRELATION BETWEEN THE FLARE
Page 125 and 126: 8.3. MAGNETIC RECONNECTION MODEL 11
Page 127 and 128: 8.5. EFFECT OF THE QUIESCENT X-RAYS
Page 129 and 130: 8.6. EVOLUTION OF YSOS AND THEIR FL
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 9ConclusionWe summarize the
Page 133 and 134: Appendix AFlare Light CurvesFig. A.
Page 135 and 136: Fig.A.2 (Continued)121
Page 137: Fig. A.4.— Same as Figure A.1, bu
Page 140 and 141: 126 APPENDIX B. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
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Page 145 and 146: Appendix CModeling of the FlareIn t
Page 147 and 148: C.2. PREDICTED CORRELATIONS BETWEEN
Page 149 and 150: BibliographyAgeorges, N., Eckart, A
Page 151 and 152: BIBLIOGRAPHY 137Feigelson, E. D., &
Page 153 and 154: BIBLIOGRAPHY 139Johnstone, D., Wils
Page 155 and 156: BIBLIOGRAPHY 141Rutledge, R. E., Ba
Page 157: BIBLIOGRAPHY 143Yokoyama, T. & Shib
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X-ray Study of Low-mass Young Stellar Objects in the ρ Ophiuchi ...

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