Coral Health and Disease in the Pacific: Vision for Action

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Table.1a. Syndromes reported for scleractinian corals and gorgonians in the tropical western Atlantic(continued).Red band disease (RBD)type IBahamas, Belize, Bonaire,Colombia, Costa Rica,Curaçao, Dominica, PuertoRico, Jamaica, Mexico,Turks and Caicos, Florida11 species: Gorgonia,Agaricia, Colpophyllia,Mycetophyllia, Diploria,Stephanocoenia Millepora,Meandrina, Montastraea,Porites, Siderastrea.Rützler et al., 1983;Santavy and Peters,1997RBD type II Bahamas, Mexico D. strigosa, M. annularis, M.cavernosa, P. astreoides, S.radiansRichardson, 1992Mottling syndrome Flower Gardens GOM C. natans Borneman, 2005Pale ring syndrome Flower Gardens GOM Montastraea, Colpophyllia,DiploriaBorneman, 2005Light patch syndrome Flower Gardens GOM D. strigosa Borneman, 2005Hyperplasia (acceleratedgrowth)Bermuda, Puerto Rico,USVI, Jamaica, NetherlandsAntilles, Trinidad, Belize,Brazil12 species: Porites, Favia,Diploria, Montastraea,Stephanocoenia, Acropora,Siderastrea, Colpophyllia.Loya et al., 1984Calicoblastic NeoplasmFlorida, Bonaire, PuertoRico, Trinidad, MexicoA. palmata Peters et al., 1986Folliculinid ciliates(SEB)Venezuela 10 species Croquer et al., 2006Shut-down reaction Belize, Florida massive corals, acroporids Antonius, 1977Coccidiosis Jamaica, Puerto Rico, USVI A. agaricites, D. cylindicus,D. strigosa, M. meandrites,M. cavernosa, P. astreoides,P. poritesUpton and Peters,1986Nematopsis spores USVI Porites spp Peters, 1984Stress-related necrosis Puerto Rico Multiple species Peters, 1984Blistering necrosis Puerto Rico, USVI S.siderea D. strigosa, D.labyrinthiformis M.annularis,P.astreoides, S. intersepta, A.agaricitesPeters, 1984Ring disease Bermuda, Florida, Honduras D. labyrinthiformis Weil, 2001Algal tumors Bonaire, Trinidad, Florida Gorgonia PseudoplexauraPlexauraMorse et al., 1977Aspergillosis 18 countries Gorgonia spp. Nagelkerken et al.,1997Fire coral fungal disease Florida Millepora spp. TeStrake et al., 1988Epizoism Florida and Belize Acropora, P. porites Antonius, 1998Epizootic Cyanobacteria Florida Briareum asbestinum Harvell et al, 200196
In a review article, Sutherland et al. (2004) suggests these all represent a single diseasewhich she refers to as “white plague like”, however the term white plague has not beenreported in the IndoPacific. In contrast recent IndoPacific studies are reporting a diseasewith signs that are similar to WBD as white syndrome (WS) (Willis et al., 2004). Toavoid confusion, the white diseases are grouped here as 1) WBD for Caribbeanacroporids; 2) white pox (WPX) for acroporids reported with WPX, patchy necrosis ornecrotic patch syndrome; 3) white plague (WP type I or WP-II) for all non acroporidscorals in the western Atlantic with signs similar to WBD; and 3) white syndrome forcases identified as WBD, white syndrome, white plague, or plague-like from the Red Seaand IndoPacificWhite band disease (WBD) was first observed in the mid 1970s in St. Croix,USVI among A. palmata populations (Gladfelter et al., 1977). It subsequently spreadthroughout the Caribbean where it affected A. palmata and A. cervicornis, with reports ofWBD from 27 countries during the 1980s. WBD has been reported much less frequentlyduring the last decade; isolated cases of WBD were identified among A. palmatapopulations in 5 countries (Jamaica, Mexico, Cuba, Caymans and Bahamas) with anoutbreak observed in a single location that spread throughout a population off MonaIsland, Puerto Rico between 2003-2005 (Bruckner, 2005). Conversely, recent outbreaksof WBD on A. cervicornis populations appear to be more prevalent over the last decade.This condition may represent a new syndrome (it has also been referred to as WBD-II byWeil, 2004 and rapid tissue loss by Williams and Miller, 2005), as rates of tissue loss aremuch more rapid than that reported for WBD and patterns of tissue loss were moreirregular (Williams and Miller, 2005).White pox (WPX) was first observed in Puerto Rico in 1994 (called patchynecrosis (PN); Bruckner and Bruckner, 1996) and in Florida in 1996 (Patterson et al.,2002). WPX has also been reported from the USVI and Puerto Rico, with reports for PNfrom the Bahamas, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica and necrotic patch syndrome fromMexico. WPX is believed to have caused losses of 88% of the remaining acroporids inthe Florida Keys between 1996-2002 (Porter et al., 2001; Sutherland et al., 2004).White plague has been reported from 20 countries in the Caribbean, with fewreports specifically identifying this as Type I or Type II . WP (type I) was first observedin 1975 on reefs off Key Largo Florida among six species, with the highest prevalence inMycetophyllia spp. and C. natans (Dustan, 1977). It was still prevalent throughout theKey Largo region ten years later, although M. annularis (complex) colonies were affectedmost severely, along with 11 other species (Dustan, 1987). Since this time, WP-I hasonly been reported from the Bahamas and Puerto Rico. A condition with similar signs,but more rapid rates of tissue loss and a wider host range emerged on these reefs in 1995(WP type II). The most susceptible species (D. stokesi) was unaffected during WPoutbreaks in the 1970s and 1980s; it was also observed on 17 other species in Florida,including 8 (M. annularis, M. cavernosa, M. faveolata, S. siderea, A. agaricites, C.natans, D. labyrinthiformis, S. intersepta) reported during earlier WP outbreaks(Richardson et al., 1998). WP type II has been reported from 9 countries, with infectionsdocumented on 41 species (Weil et al., 2006). A separate condition termed WP Type III(based on rates of spread of up to 10 cm/day) was reported to affect the largest massivecorals including Montastraea spp. and C. natans (Richardson and Aronson, 2001); it isunclear whether this is distinct from WP-II and epizootiological data are currently97
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF FIGURES
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Though the proliferation of coral r
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years. Recent surveys conducted in
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priority right now. What’s I have
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As an initial step to identify and
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The four working groups identified
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able to understand the normal struc
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In the following section the PPWG i
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subspecies, thus limiting the abili
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(Baird and Babcock 2000; Muscatine
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(Yakovleva and Hidaka 2004). In an
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y disulfides (Richards et al. 1983)
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species of Octocorallia were report
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h. Availability and Processes for o
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Understanding of conditions that su
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Physiology & Pathology Working Grou
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Boehm et al. 1995b; Downs et al. 20
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B. Overall Strategic Objective: Imp
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Table B.1 CORAL HEALTH/DISEASE INDI
Page 53 and 54: Strategic Objective B.2: Establish
Page 55 and 56: Table B.3 INDICATORS OF CORAL HEALT
Page 57 and 58: Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
Page 59 and 60: Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
Page 61 and 62: Assess potential reporting requirem
Page 63 and 64: Figure B.2 Integrated Framework for
Page 65 and 66: Challenges and Recommendations:The
Page 67 and 68: Strategic Objective C.2: Develop a
Page 69 and 70: on hold until specific guidelines c
Page 71 and 72: Pathology of Disease Working Group
Page 73 and 74: General efforts to mitigate anthrop
Page 75 and 76: Challenges and RecommendationsThere
Page 77 and 78: d. Identifying and mitigating manag
Page 79 and 80: Strategic Objective D.1: Enhance th
Page 81 and 82: known to be affected by specific co
Page 83 and 84: A variety of natural and anthropoge
Page 85 and 86: Recommendation D.3.2: Develop local
Page 87 and 88: Strategic Objective D.4: Identify p
Page 89 and 90: Management Perspectives Working Gro
Page 91 and 92: I. INTRODUCTION—SETTING THE STAGE
Page 93 and 94: more difficult to design management
Page 95 and 96: Specialized ResourcesSeveral specia
Page 97 and 98: STUDYING CORAL DISEASES; UNDERSTAND
Page 99 and 100: egional decline of Acropora. Report
Page 101 and 102: distributional maps. The GCDD inclu
Page 103: Table 1. Diseases, syndromes, abnor
Page 107: Table 2. Various white syndromes re
Page 110 and 111: Dark spots disease was first observ
Page 112 and 113: Table 4. Other Diseases, syndromes,
Page 114 and 115: Fig. 1. Five major scleractinian co
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 3. Number of diseases observed
Page 118 and 119: ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
Page 120 and 121: Bythell, J.C., M.R. Barer, R.P. Coo
Page 122 and 123: Friends of the Virgin Islands Natio
Page 124 and 125: Knowlton, N. , J.C. Lang, M.C. Roon
Page 126 and 127: Peters E.C., J.C. Halas, and H.B. M
Page 128 and 129: Rutzler, K., D.L. Santavy, and A. A
Page 130 and 131: WORLD BANK PROJECT: CORAL DISEASE W
Page 132 and 133: Impact of fish farmsAs part of its
Page 134 and 135: III. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE--LESSON
Page 136 and 137: overgrowing corals, and may prevent
Page 138 and 139: agents have been proposed for sever
Page 140 and 141: photosynthesis pigments. This inclu
Page 142 and 143: located predominantly at the axial
Page 144 and 145: Syndrome Diagnostics ReferenceYBDDS
Page 146 and 147: The average prevalence of coral dis
Page 148 and 149: A more virulent form of WP (WP-II)
Page 150 and 151: Table 2. Prevalence, incidence and
Page 152 and 153: coralicida; Denner et al., 2003) ba
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Table 3. Causative agents and assoc
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to areas where human activities hav
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What have we learned from Caribbean
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Condition Synonyms Host range Sourc
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ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
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Croquer, A., C. Bastidas and L. Lip
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Smith, and G. R. Vasta. 1999. Emerg
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Richardson, L.L., and K.G. Kuta, 20
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IV. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE PACIF
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Fisheries:These great expanses of t
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not under the U.S. flag have other
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BASELINE LEVELS OF CORAL DISEASE IN
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INTRODUCTIONFrench Frigate Shoals (
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linear bands of unidentified granul
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The mesoglea formed an arching stru
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# ###R27####NC#R29## #R31#####TC1 R
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178Figure 3. P. duerdeni. Note clea
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Figure 4. M. capitata, note growth
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Figure 5. P. lobata (A-D). Note clu
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Figure 6. P. lobata (A-H). Coral wi
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Figure 7. A. cytherea (A-D). Type 1
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Figure 8. Blue-gray zooanthid (A-D)
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Report 1. CORAL AND CRUSTOSE CORALL
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Table 1. Coordinates of sites surve
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Based on colony counts within trans
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Histology (gross and microscopic fi
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Figure 2. A) Goniastrea sp. with ba
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Fish bites: This was manifested by
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ABCFigure 7. A-B) Plating Acropora
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ABFigure 9. A-B) Mucus sheathing in
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5. There were differences in preval
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Appendix I. Summary of coral lesion
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Acropora Growth AnomaliesHistology:
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Lobophyllia tissue loss syndromeHis
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Report 2. JOHNSTON ATOLL REEF HEALT
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Six locations were selected for spo
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nematocyst). Other mesenteric filam
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atrophied epithelium and absence of
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Seapy 1998). Given the simple anato
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Conference, Heron Island October. S
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Figure 3: Dominant species of coral
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ABCDEFFigure 5. A. cytherea. A) Pur
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ABCDEFFigure 7. A-B) A. cytherea; D
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Figure 9. Number of lesions in A. c
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CORAL DISEASE ON THE GREAT BARRIER
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incidence is changing through time
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populations of ciliates, packed wit
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Unusual bleaching patterns: Distinc
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V. PATHOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGYDISEAS
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EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY AND DISEASE EM
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For the reasons outlined above, eme
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WILDLIFE DISEASE INVESTIGATIONS 101
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animals, the leaves were the same b
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examination by a state diagnostic l
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In the spring of 2003 large numbers
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VI. COMMUNICATION TO MAKE A DIFFERE
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An “Ecoplex” conceptual framewo
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Low stakeholder trust: defensive pa
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skill level for in situ determinati
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LEVERAGING POST-GENOMIC TOOLS AND S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe would like to ac
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grateful to the Working Group Chair
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Baird, A. H., and P. A. Marshall. 2
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Dizon, R. M., and H. T. Yap. 2006a.
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Hayakawa, H., T. Andoh, and T. Wata
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Kumar, V., A. Abbas, and N. Fausto
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Permata, W. D., and M. Hidaka. 2005
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Santavy, D. and others 2001. Quanti
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Wilkinson, C. 2002. Status of coral
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Appendix I. Meeting AgendaCORAL HEA
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7:30 Dinner - Grand Salon Moana Sur
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genomic tools, including the curren
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Appendix III. Coral Model Species S
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Melissa BosMelissa joined the Allia
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SUNY College of Environmental Scien
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collaboration between the College o
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Jo-Ann LeongJo-Ann is Director of t
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Amanda McLenonAmanda is currently w
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Technical Advisory Committee on Lan
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Meir SussmanMeir recently completed
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Dana WilliamsDana earned her doctor
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Cheryl WoodleyCheryl received her P
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Qing Xiao LiUniversity of Hawaii195
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Appendix VI.OPINION PAPER:Transmiss
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