Coral Health and Disease in the Pacific: Vision for Action

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skill level for in situ determination. Monitoring technologies tend to increase precision,allowing measurements to be taken by multiple individuals with reduced observer error.Accuracy may be increased or decreased by switching to or adding in technology-basedmonitoring, so program managers should be aware of the level of accuracy needed tomeet their goals, such as to establish a baseline or temporal trend, or to triggermanagement actions. Program managers should also consider what factors are limiting tothem in developing a monitoring program: number of people, training level of people,operating budget, capital expense budget, equipment, analysis abilities, etc. Evaluatingthese limits can assist in the determination of what tools are best for their situation.ACT Hawaii-Pacific is not aware of any existing technologies that have been specificallydesigned for coral disease monitoring. Many tools used in other coastal monitoringprograms may be useful to coral disease monitoring, and many existing technologies usedin diverse applications may be adapted for specific coral disease use. The best strategy isto build upon existing technologies and identify what adaptations are necessary for coraldisease monitoring needs.The first four things that coral disease experts and managers should work together toidentify are 1) the best set of parameters to be measured, 2) sampling frequency, and 3)preferred method of deployment (in-situ mooring, hand-held, etc.), and 4) level ofaccuracy required. For the parameters that are proxies or indicators for disease, e.g. awater quality parameter, determine if an existing tool is able to sample at your requiredfrequency, deployment type, and accuracy. A comprehensive database of existing sensorscan be found at www.act-us.info.For parameters that do not have adequate existing sensors, the next phase is to determineif any sensors exist that could be easily adapted to coral disease monitoring needs. If atool already exists for the parameter, but the frequency, deployment type, or accuracy isnot satisfactory, scientists and managers can collectively voice their needs to industry andask for a modification. ACT was created to be a liaison between these communities andcan assist in these discussions and negotiations.If no sensors exist for a chosen parameter, an analysis of tools used in related fields mayidentify places to start. For example, if a manager needs to be able to spot-check for thepresence of a particular bacterium, one can ask, what other fields are interested in spotcheckingbacteria levels? Public health and bioterrorism experts come to mind. Perhapstools that have been developed in those fields could be adapted by changing thebacterium of interest. Once a similar sensor is identified, the process of negotiating withindustry begins.This likelihood of success for convincing a company to modify a tool or create a new onedepends on the collective finances available to purchase the tool. If only a fewindividuals would be able to purchase the tool, it is not likely that industry could justifythe expense. This is one key reason that the global coral disease monitoring communitywould benefit from standardized protocols. If, however, this approach does not work, a262
esearcher may be able to create a tool and produce it on small scale using a federal grantfor technology development. Several of these opportunities exist.Consideration should be given not only to identifying the correct sensors, but also to dataanalysis protocols/tools and personnel training. ACT Hawaii-Pacific is poised to assistwill all of these questions and hopes to facilitate some of the necessary discussions.263
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF FIGURES
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Though the proliferation of coral r
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years. Recent surveys conducted in
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priority right now. What’s I have
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As an initial step to identify and
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The four working groups identified
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able to understand the normal struc
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In the following section the PPWG i
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subspecies, thus limiting the abili
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(Baird and Babcock 2000; Muscatine
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(Yakovleva and Hidaka 2004). In an
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y disulfides (Richards et al. 1983)
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species of Octocorallia were report
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h. Availability and Processes for o
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Understanding of conditions that su
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Physiology & Pathology Working Grou
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Boehm et al. 1995b; Downs et al. 20
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B. Overall Strategic Objective: Imp
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Table B.1 CORAL HEALTH/DISEASE INDI
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Strategic Objective B.2: Establish
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Table B.3 INDICATORS OF CORAL HEALT
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Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
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Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
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Assess potential reporting requirem
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Figure B.2 Integrated Framework for
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Challenges and Recommendations:The
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Strategic Objective C.2: Develop a
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on hold until specific guidelines c
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Pathology of Disease Working Group
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General efforts to mitigate anthrop
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Challenges and RecommendationsThere
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d. Identifying and mitigating manag
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Strategic Objective D.1: Enhance th
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known to be affected by specific co
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A variety of natural and anthropoge
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Recommendation D.3.2: Develop local
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Strategic Objective D.4: Identify p
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Management Perspectives Working Gro
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I. INTRODUCTION—SETTING THE STAGE
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more difficult to design management
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Specialized ResourcesSeveral specia
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STUDYING CORAL DISEASES; UNDERSTAND
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egional decline of Acropora. Report
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distributional maps. The GCDD inclu
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Table 1. Diseases, syndromes, abnor
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In a review article, Sutherland et
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Table 2. Various white syndromes re
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Dark spots disease was first observ
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Table 4. Other Diseases, syndromes,
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Fig. 1. Five major scleractinian co
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Fig. 3. Number of diseases observed
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ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
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Bythell, J.C., M.R. Barer, R.P. Coo
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Friends of the Virgin Islands Natio
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Knowlton, N. , J.C. Lang, M.C. Roon
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Peters E.C., J.C. Halas, and H.B. M
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Rutzler, K., D.L. Santavy, and A. A
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WORLD BANK PROJECT: CORAL DISEASE W
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Impact of fish farmsAs part of its
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III. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE--LESSON
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overgrowing corals, and may prevent
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agents have been proposed for sever
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photosynthesis pigments. This inclu
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located predominantly at the axial
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Syndrome Diagnostics ReferenceYBDDS
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The average prevalence of coral dis
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A more virulent form of WP (WP-II)
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Table 2. Prevalence, incidence and
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coralicida; Denner et al., 2003) ba
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Table 3. Causative agents and assoc
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to areas where human activities hav
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What have we learned from Caribbean
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Condition Synonyms Host range Sourc
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ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
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Croquer, A., C. Bastidas and L. Lip
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Smith, and G. R. Vasta. 1999. Emerg
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Richardson, L.L., and K.G. Kuta, 20
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IV. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE PACIF
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Fisheries:These great expanses of t
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not under the U.S. flag have other
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BASELINE LEVELS OF CORAL DISEASE IN
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INTRODUCTIONFrench Frigate Shoals (
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linear bands of unidentified granul
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The mesoglea formed an arching stru
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# ###R27####NC#R29## #R31#####TC1 R
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178Figure 3. P. duerdeni. Note clea
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Figure 4. M. capitata, note growth
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Figure 5. P. lobata (A-D). Note clu
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Figure 6. P. lobata (A-H). Coral wi
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Figure 7. A. cytherea (A-D). Type 1
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Figure 8. Blue-gray zooanthid (A-D)
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Report 1. CORAL AND CRUSTOSE CORALL
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Table 1. Coordinates of sites surve
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Based on colony counts within trans
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Histology (gross and microscopic fi
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Figure 2. A) Goniastrea sp. with ba
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Fish bites: This was manifested by
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ABCFigure 7. A-B) Plating Acropora
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ABFigure 9. A-B) Mucus sheathing in
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5. There were differences in preval
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Appendix I. Summary of coral lesion
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Acropora Growth AnomaliesHistology:
Page 220 and 221: Lobophyllia tissue loss syndromeHis
Page 222 and 223: Report 2. JOHNSTON ATOLL REEF HEALT
Page 224 and 225: Six locations were selected for spo
Page 226 and 227: nematocyst). Other mesenteric filam
Page 228 and 229: atrophied epithelium and absence of
Page 230 and 231: Seapy 1998). Given the simple anato
Page 232 and 233: Conference, Heron Island October. S
Page 234 and 235: Figure 3: Dominant species of coral
Page 236 and 237: ABCDEFFigure 5. A. cytherea. A) Pur
Page 238 and 239: ABCDEFFigure 7. A-B) A. cytherea; D
Page 240 and 241: Figure 9. Number of lesions in A. c
Page 242 and 243: CORAL DISEASE ON THE GREAT BARRIER
Page 244 and 245: incidence is changing through time
Page 246 and 247: populations of ciliates, packed wit
Page 248 and 249: Unusual bleaching patterns: Distinc
Page 250 and 251: V. PATHOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGYDISEAS
Page 252 and 253: EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY AND DISEASE EM
Page 254 and 255: For the reasons outlined above, eme
Page 256 and 257: WILDLIFE DISEASE INVESTIGATIONS 101
Page 258 and 259: animals, the leaves were the same b
Page 260 and 261: examination by a state diagnostic l
Page 262 and 263: In the spring of 2003 large numbers
Page 264 and 265: VI. COMMUNICATION TO MAKE A DIFFERE
Page 266 and 267: An “Ecoplex” conceptual framewo
Page 268 and 269: Low stakeholder trust: defensive pa
Page 272 and 273: LEVERAGING POST-GENOMIC TOOLS AND S
Page 274 and 275: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe would like to ac
Page 276 and 277: grateful to the Working Group Chair
Page 278 and 279: Baird, A. H., and P. A. Marshall. 2
Page 280 and 281: Dizon, R. M., and H. T. Yap. 2006a.
Page 282 and 283: Hayakawa, H., T. Andoh, and T. Wata
Page 284 and 285: Kumar, V., A. Abbas, and N. Fausto
Page 286 and 287: Permata, W. D., and M. Hidaka. 2005
Page 288 and 289: Santavy, D. and others 2001. Quanti
Page 290 and 291: Wilkinson, C. 2002. Status of coral
Page 292 and 293: Appendix I. Meeting AgendaCORAL HEA
Page 294 and 295: 7:30 Dinner - Grand Salon Moana Sur
Page 296 and 297: genomic tools, including the curren
Page 298 and 299: Appendix III. Coral Model Species S
Page 300 and 301: Melissa BosMelissa joined the Allia
Page 302 and 303: SUNY College of Environmental Scien
Page 304 and 305: collaboration between the College o
Page 306 and 307: Jo-Ann LeongJo-Ann is Director of t
Page 308 and 309: Amanda McLenonAmanda is currently w
Page 310 and 311: Technical Advisory Committee on Lan
Page 312 and 313: Meir SussmanMeir recently completed
Page 314 and 315: Dana WilliamsDana earned her doctor
Page 316 and 317: Cheryl WoodleyCheryl received her P
Page 318 and 319: Qing Xiao LiUniversity of Hawaii195
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Appendix VI.OPINION PAPER:Transmiss
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Coral Health and Disease in the Pacific: Vision for Action

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