Coral Health and Disease in the Pacific: Vision for Action

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Report 2. JOHNSTON ATOLL REEF HEALTH SURVEYThierry M. Work 1 , Steve L. Coles 2 , Robert A. Rameyer 11. USGS-National Wildlife Health Center-Hawaii Field Station, PO Box 50167, Honolulu,HI 96850.2. Bishop Museum, Dept. Invertebrate Zoology, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, HI 96817Submitted 4 September, 2001In partial fulfillment of USFWS Interagency Agreement No.: 122000N004214
INTRODUCTIONJohnston Atoll is an overlay U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) NationalWildlife Refuge located ~1300 km southwest of Honolulu, Hawaii. Johnston Atoll is notpart of the Hawaiian Islands, but is more closely associated with a subsurface mountainrange called the Marcus-Necker Rise (Amerson and Shelton, 1976). The atoll wasdiscovered in 1796, used in the early 19 th century for guano extraction, and during WWII,the US Navy used it for aerial and submarine operations. Subsequent activities includedestablishment of LORAN towers by the US Coast Guard, and use of the atoll for atomicweapons tests (Amerson and Shelton, 1976). Since 1976, the USFWS and the DefenseNuclear Agency have an agreement whereby USFWS manages the natural resources ofthe atoll. In 1985, a chemical weapons disposal plant (Johnston Atoll Chemical AgentsDisposal System) was built on the Western end of the main island (Johnston). This plantis soon to be decommissioned, and Johnston Atoll will revert back to the USFWS in~2003.Johnston Atoll is composed of a fringing reef surrounding 4 islands, two of which(Haukau and Hikinau) are man made (Fig. 1). The lagoon becomes progressively deeperfrom northwest to southeast and supports a variety of corals, reef fish, sea turtles, andseabirds (see Coles et al., 2001, Appendix A for full listing of recent and previousreports). Compared to other atolls and reef environments, the marine fauna of JohstonAtoll is depauperate by species, although coral coverage is high. The dominant speciesof corals include Acropora cytherea, A. humilis, A. valida, Montipora patula, Pocilloporaeydouxi and P. meandrina. Maragos and Jokiel (1986) classified the lagoon into 4 areawith the northwest portion harboring the greatest abundance of corals. During and afterWWII, much of the coral in that area was destroyed during extensive dredging and fillingof the reef and lagoon (Brock et al 1965, 1966).Much work has been done to identify the identity and extent of organisms atJohnston Atoll (see Coles et al., 2001 for review). However, relatively little effort hasbeen spent looking at health parameters of marine fauna. Cohen et al. (1997) observedbleaching of corals, and Coles et al. (2001) observed growth anomalies in Acroporacytherea. The USFWS sponsored the USGS National Wildlife Health Center to furtherinvestigate growth anomalies of corals in Johnston Atoll. From 29 March to 2 April,2001, a team from the US Geological Survey Hawaii Field Station (Work, Rameyer) andthe Bishop Museum (Coles) surveyed coral reefs at Johnston Atoll for lesions. The triphad the following objectives:1) Conduct manta tow and spot surveys for lesions in dominant coral species in thenorthern lagoon and sites off Johnston and East islands.2) Describe gross and microscopic anatomy of lesions in corals.3) Obtain pigment profiles of the dominant coral (Acropora cytherea).METHODSSurvey areas:Broad-scale manta tow surveys were done using flat-bottom boats with anoutboard motor focusing on the northwestern portion of the lagoon because it had thehighest density of coral (Maragos and Jokiel, 1997), and because it encompassed the areawhere growth anomalies in A. cytherea were previously noted by Coles et al. (2001).215
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF FIGURES
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Though the proliferation of coral r
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years. Recent surveys conducted in
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priority right now. What’s I have
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As an initial step to identify and
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The four working groups identified
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able to understand the normal struc
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In the following section the PPWG i
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subspecies, thus limiting the abili
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(Baird and Babcock 2000; Muscatine
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(Yakovleva and Hidaka 2004). In an
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y disulfides (Richards et al. 1983)
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species of Octocorallia were report
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h. Availability and Processes for o
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Understanding of conditions that su
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Physiology & Pathology Working Grou
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Boehm et al. 1995b; Downs et al. 20
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B. Overall Strategic Objective: Imp
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Table B.1 CORAL HEALTH/DISEASE INDI
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Strategic Objective B.2: Establish
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Table B.3 INDICATORS OF CORAL HEALT
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Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
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Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
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Assess potential reporting requirem
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Figure B.2 Integrated Framework for
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Challenges and Recommendations:The
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Strategic Objective C.2: Develop a
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on hold until specific guidelines c
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Pathology of Disease Working Group
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General efforts to mitigate anthrop
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Challenges and RecommendationsThere
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d. Identifying and mitigating manag
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Strategic Objective D.1: Enhance th
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known to be affected by specific co
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A variety of natural and anthropoge
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Recommendation D.3.2: Develop local
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Strategic Objective D.4: Identify p
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Management Perspectives Working Gro
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I. INTRODUCTION—SETTING THE STAGE
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more difficult to design management
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Specialized ResourcesSeveral specia
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STUDYING CORAL DISEASES; UNDERSTAND
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egional decline of Acropora. Report
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distributional maps. The GCDD inclu
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Table 1. Diseases, syndromes, abnor
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In a review article, Sutherland et
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Table 2. Various white syndromes re
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Dark spots disease was first observ
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Table 4. Other Diseases, syndromes,
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Fig. 1. Five major scleractinian co
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Fig. 3. Number of diseases observed
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ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
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Bythell, J.C., M.R. Barer, R.P. Coo
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Friends of the Virgin Islands Natio
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Knowlton, N. , J.C. Lang, M.C. Roon
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Peters E.C., J.C. Halas, and H.B. M
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Rutzler, K., D.L. Santavy, and A. A
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WORLD BANK PROJECT: CORAL DISEASE W
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Impact of fish farmsAs part of its
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III. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE--LESSON
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overgrowing corals, and may prevent
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agents have been proposed for sever
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photosynthesis pigments. This inclu
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located predominantly at the axial
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Syndrome Diagnostics ReferenceYBDDS
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The average prevalence of coral dis
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A more virulent form of WP (WP-II)
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Table 2. Prevalence, incidence and
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coralicida; Denner et al., 2003) ba
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Table 3. Causative agents and assoc
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to areas where human activities hav
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What have we learned from Caribbean
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Condition Synonyms Host range Sourc
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ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
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Croquer, A., C. Bastidas and L. Lip
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Smith, and G. R. Vasta. 1999. Emerg
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Richardson, L.L., and K.G. Kuta, 20
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IV. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE PACIF
Page 172 and 173: Fisheries:These great expanses of t
Page 174 and 175: not under the U.S. flag have other
Page 176 and 177: BASELINE LEVELS OF CORAL DISEASE IN
Page 178 and 179: INTRODUCTIONFrench Frigate Shoals (
Page 180 and 181: linear bands of unidentified granul
Page 182 and 183: The mesoglea formed an arching stru
Page 184 and 185: # ###R27####NC#R29## #R31#####TC1 R
Page 186 and 187: 178Figure 3. P. duerdeni. Note clea
Page 188 and 189: Figure 4. M. capitata, note growth
Page 190 and 191: Figure 5. P. lobata (A-D). Note clu
Page 192 and 193: Figure 6. P. lobata (A-H). Coral wi
Page 194 and 195: Figure 7. A. cytherea (A-D). Type 1
Page 196 and 197: Figure 8. Blue-gray zooanthid (A-D)
Page 198 and 199: Report 1. CORAL AND CRUSTOSE CORALL
Page 200 and 201: Table 1. Coordinates of sites surve
Page 202 and 203: Based on colony counts within trans
Page 204 and 205: Histology (gross and microscopic fi
Page 206 and 207: Figure 2. A) Goniastrea sp. with ba
Page 208 and 209: Fish bites: This was manifested by
Page 210 and 211: ABCFigure 7. A-B) Plating Acropora
Page 212 and 213: ABFigure 9. A-B) Mucus sheathing in
Page 214 and 215: 5. There were differences in preval
Page 216 and 217: Appendix I. Summary of coral lesion
Page 218 and 219: Acropora Growth AnomaliesHistology:
Page 220 and 221: Lobophyllia tissue loss syndromeHis
Page 224 and 225: Six locations were selected for spo
Page 226 and 227: nematocyst). Other mesenteric filam
Page 228 and 229: atrophied epithelium and absence of
Page 230 and 231: Seapy 1998). Given the simple anato
Page 232 and 233: Conference, Heron Island October. S
Page 234 and 235: Figure 3: Dominant species of coral
Page 236 and 237: ABCDEFFigure 5. A. cytherea. A) Pur
Page 238 and 239: ABCDEFFigure 7. A-B) A. cytherea; D
Page 240 and 241: Figure 9. Number of lesions in A. c
Page 242 and 243: CORAL DISEASE ON THE GREAT BARRIER
Page 244 and 245: incidence is changing through time
Page 246 and 247: populations of ciliates, packed wit
Page 248 and 249: Unusual bleaching patterns: Distinc
Page 250 and 251: V. PATHOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGYDISEAS
Page 252 and 253: EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY AND DISEASE EM
Page 254 and 255: For the reasons outlined above, eme
Page 256 and 257: WILDLIFE DISEASE INVESTIGATIONS 101
Page 258 and 259: animals, the leaves were the same b
Page 260 and 261: examination by a state diagnostic l
Page 262 and 263: In the spring of 2003 large numbers
Page 264 and 265: VI. COMMUNICATION TO MAKE A DIFFERE
Page 266 and 267: An “Ecoplex” conceptual framewo
Page 268 and 269: Low stakeholder trust: defensive pa
Page 270 and 271: skill level for in situ determinati
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LEVERAGING POST-GENOMIC TOOLS AND S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe would like to ac
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grateful to the Working Group Chair
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Baird, A. H., and P. A. Marshall. 2
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Dizon, R. M., and H. T. Yap. 2006a.
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Hayakawa, H., T. Andoh, and T. Wata
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Kumar, V., A. Abbas, and N. Fausto
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Permata, W. D., and M. Hidaka. 2005
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Santavy, D. and others 2001. Quanti
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Wilkinson, C. 2002. Status of coral
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Appendix I. Meeting AgendaCORAL HEA
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7:30 Dinner - Grand Salon Moana Sur
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genomic tools, including the curren
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Appendix III. Coral Model Species S
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Melissa BosMelissa joined the Allia
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SUNY College of Environmental Scien
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collaboration between the College o
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Jo-Ann LeongJo-Ann is Director of t
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Amanda McLenonAmanda is currently w
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Technical Advisory Committee on Lan
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Meir SussmanMeir recently completed
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Dana WilliamsDana earned her doctor
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Cheryl WoodleyCheryl received her P
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Qing Xiao LiUniversity of Hawaii195
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Appendix VI.OPINION PAPER:Transmiss
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Coral Health and Disease in the Pacific: Vision for Action

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