Coral Health and Disease in the Pacific: Vision for Action

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Meir SussmanMeir recently completed his Ph.D. under the mentorship of Drs. Bette Willis (JamesCook University) and David Bourne (Australian Institute of Marine Science). His Ph.D.research investigated coral diseases on the GBR and in the Indo-Pacific where heisolated, cultured, and identified causative agents for 4 coral diseases. Meir thenidentified specific proteins and their gene transcripts, actively involved in these diseasesthat are part of bacterial virulence mechanisms expressed during coral infections. Heplans to continue this line of research with the goal of developing management-applicablediagnostic tools for coral diseases.Email: sussmanmeir@gmail.com.auMac Terzich“Dr. Mac” is a Board certified veterinarian (Diplomate ACPV) that operates Pacific EastAquaculture, Inc., one of the nation's largest marine ornamentals captive coralpropagation facilities, located on Maryland's Eastern shore in Mardela Springs. PacificEast Aquaculture is a Maryland State inspected and licensed coral aquaculture facilitywith the capacity to propagate and grow thousands of corals, and marine fishes andinvertebrates. Mac is also active in sponsoring, setting up, and maintaining coralpropagation projects in the Solomon Islands, and sponsoring research with localuniversities in coral health and captive propagation of marine ornamentals.Email: drmac@dmv.comKatherine Tucker-MohlKatherine received her degree from the University of Pennsylvania, School of VeterinaryMedicine. She received a Veterinary Medicine Fellowship to work with Dr. Patrick Hart,Biological Resources Division - Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center on "Avianmalaria in Hawaii: evaluating prevalence of infection and host resistance in the CommonAmakihi". Her study seeks to build on recent observations that certain species of nativebirds have returned to lowland habitats and have established successful populations,despite high levels of chronic malarial infections. Research will compare the prevalenceof avian malaria in two previously unstudied lowland populations of Common Amakihinear Kona, on the island of Hawaii, with the ultimate goal of improving conservationprograms for, and the health of, endangered Hawaiian forest birds. She has recentlyaccepted an internship with Dr. Thierry Work where she will experience treating andstudying a variety of diseases in tropical organisms.Email: ktmohl@vet.upenn.edu304
Bernardo VargasBernardo works for NOAA’s Coral Reef Ecosystem Division in Hawaii, leading effortsto design and develop methods for identifying and characterizing coral disease inshallow-water coral reefs ecosystems of the U.S. Pacific Islands. He holds a Ph. D. fromthe University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science.Bernardo’s research interests include coral reef community dynamics, with specialemphasis on coral health status, disease incidence, prevalence, and development ofdiagnostic criteria based on field observations and histopathological examinations.Email: Bernardo.VargasAngel@noaa.govSteven VictorSteven is currently Head of the Research Department at the Palau International CoralReef Center (PICRC) and has been a member of the research team since 2002. His mainresearch interest is determining the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on coastal andmarine resources, particularly coral reef habitats. In an effort to protect Palau’s naturalresources, Steven has worked with local partners such as The Nature Conservancy, PalauConservation Society, local government agencies and international partners such asNOAA, the World Bank Targeted Research Group on Remote Sensing, Coral Disease,and Remediation, and Restoration Group, and Scientists from Australian Institute ofMarine Science and University of Hawaii to understand how to best minimize humanimpacts on coral reef resources. Steven completed both his undergraduate and graduatedegrees in Biology at the University of Guam. He continues to do research onmangroves, seagrasses and coral reefs in Palau and Micronesia.Email: svictor@picrc.orgBruce WilcoxBruce is a Professor of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, atthe John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii. He is also the Director ofthe Asia-Pacific Center for Infectious Disease Ecology at the Asia-Pacific Institute forTropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His fields of study were population biology,ecology and evolutionary biology and biology during his academic career at U. ofCalifornia, San Diego and Yale. In addition, he has served in leadership positions innumerous Public Health organizations and as the founding Editor-in-chief of EcoHealth.He is an active teacher and researcher. Bruce’s interest in emerging infectious disease,ecosystem management and disease ecology has recently synthesized into a researchfocus on social-ecological systems and the relation with emerging infectious disease.Email: bwilcox@hawaii.edu305
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF FIGURES
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Though the proliferation of coral r
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years. Recent surveys conducted in
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priority right now. What’s I have
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As an initial step to identify and
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The four working groups identified
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able to understand the normal struc
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In the following section the PPWG i
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subspecies, thus limiting the abili
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(Baird and Babcock 2000; Muscatine
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(Yakovleva and Hidaka 2004). In an
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y disulfides (Richards et al. 1983)
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species of Octocorallia were report
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h. Availability and Processes for o
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Understanding of conditions that su
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Physiology & Pathology Working Grou
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Boehm et al. 1995b; Downs et al. 20
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B. Overall Strategic Objective: Imp
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Table B.1 CORAL HEALTH/DISEASE INDI
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Strategic Objective B.2: Establish
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Table B.3 INDICATORS OF CORAL HEALT
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Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
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Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
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Assess potential reporting requirem
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Figure B.2 Integrated Framework for
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Challenges and Recommendations:The
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Strategic Objective C.2: Develop a
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on hold until specific guidelines c
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Pathology of Disease Working Group
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General efforts to mitigate anthrop
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Challenges and RecommendationsThere
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d. Identifying and mitigating manag
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Strategic Objective D.1: Enhance th
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known to be affected by specific co
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A variety of natural and anthropoge
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Recommendation D.3.2: Develop local
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Strategic Objective D.4: Identify p
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Management Perspectives Working Gro
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I. INTRODUCTION—SETTING THE STAGE
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more difficult to design management
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Specialized ResourcesSeveral specia
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STUDYING CORAL DISEASES; UNDERSTAND
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egional decline of Acropora. Report
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distributional maps. The GCDD inclu
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Table 1. Diseases, syndromes, abnor
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In a review article, Sutherland et
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Table 2. Various white syndromes re
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Dark spots disease was first observ
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Table 4. Other Diseases, syndromes,
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Fig. 1. Five major scleractinian co
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Fig. 3. Number of diseases observed
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ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
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Bythell, J.C., M.R. Barer, R.P. Coo
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Friends of the Virgin Islands Natio
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Knowlton, N. , J.C. Lang, M.C. Roon
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Peters E.C., J.C. Halas, and H.B. M
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Rutzler, K., D.L. Santavy, and A. A
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WORLD BANK PROJECT: CORAL DISEASE W
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Impact of fish farmsAs part of its
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III. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE--LESSON
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overgrowing corals, and may prevent
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agents have been proposed for sever
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photosynthesis pigments. This inclu
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located predominantly at the axial
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Syndrome Diagnostics ReferenceYBDDS
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The average prevalence of coral dis
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A more virulent form of WP (WP-II)
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Table 2. Prevalence, incidence and
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coralicida; Denner et al., 2003) ba
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Table 3. Causative agents and assoc
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to areas where human activities hav
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What have we learned from Caribbean
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Condition Synonyms Host range Sourc
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ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
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Croquer, A., C. Bastidas and L. Lip
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Smith, and G. R. Vasta. 1999. Emerg
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Richardson, L.L., and K.G. Kuta, 20
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IV. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE PACIF
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Fisheries:These great expanses of t
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not under the U.S. flag have other
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BASELINE LEVELS OF CORAL DISEASE IN
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INTRODUCTIONFrench Frigate Shoals (
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linear bands of unidentified granul
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The mesoglea formed an arching stru
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# ###R27####NC#R29## #R31#####TC1 R
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178Figure 3. P. duerdeni. Note clea
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Figure 4. M. capitata, note growth
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Figure 5. P. lobata (A-D). Note clu
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Figure 6. P. lobata (A-H). Coral wi
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Figure 7. A. cytherea (A-D). Type 1
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Figure 8. Blue-gray zooanthid (A-D)
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Report 1. CORAL AND CRUSTOSE CORALL
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Table 1. Coordinates of sites surve
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Based on colony counts within trans
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Histology (gross and microscopic fi
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Figure 2. A) Goniastrea sp. with ba
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Fish bites: This was manifested by
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ABCFigure 7. A-B) Plating Acropora
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ABFigure 9. A-B) Mucus sheathing in
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5. There were differences in preval
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Appendix I. Summary of coral lesion
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Acropora Growth AnomaliesHistology:
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Lobophyllia tissue loss syndromeHis
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Report 2. JOHNSTON ATOLL REEF HEALT
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Six locations were selected for spo
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nematocyst). Other mesenteric filam
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atrophied epithelium and absence of
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Seapy 1998). Given the simple anato
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Conference, Heron Island October. S
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Figure 3: Dominant species of coral
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ABCDEFFigure 5. A. cytherea. A) Pur
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ABCDEFFigure 7. A-B) A. cytherea; D
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Figure 9. Number of lesions in A. c
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CORAL DISEASE ON THE GREAT BARRIER
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incidence is changing through time
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populations of ciliates, packed wit
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Unusual bleaching patterns: Distinc
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V. PATHOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGYDISEAS
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EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY AND DISEASE EM
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For the reasons outlined above, eme
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WILDLIFE DISEASE INVESTIGATIONS 101
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animals, the leaves were the same b
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examination by a state diagnostic l
Page 262 and 263: In the spring of 2003 large numbers
Page 264 and 265: VI. COMMUNICATION TO MAKE A DIFFERE
Page 266 and 267: An “Ecoplex” conceptual framewo
Page 268 and 269: Low stakeholder trust: defensive pa
Page 270 and 271: skill level for in situ determinati
Page 272 and 273: LEVERAGING POST-GENOMIC TOOLS AND S
Page 274 and 275: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe would like to ac
Page 276 and 277: grateful to the Working Group Chair
Page 278 and 279: Baird, A. H., and P. A. Marshall. 2
Page 280 and 281: Dizon, R. M., and H. T. Yap. 2006a.
Page 282 and 283: Hayakawa, H., T. Andoh, and T. Wata
Page 284 and 285: Kumar, V., A. Abbas, and N. Fausto
Page 286 and 287: Permata, W. D., and M. Hidaka. 2005
Page 288 and 289: Santavy, D. and others 2001. Quanti
Page 290 and 291: Wilkinson, C. 2002. Status of coral
Page 292 and 293: Appendix I. Meeting AgendaCORAL HEA
Page 294 and 295: 7:30 Dinner - Grand Salon Moana Sur
Page 296 and 297: genomic tools, including the curren
Page 298 and 299: Appendix III. Coral Model Species S
Page 300 and 301: Melissa BosMelissa joined the Allia
Page 302 and 303: SUNY College of Environmental Scien
Page 304 and 305: collaboration between the College o
Page 306 and 307: Jo-Ann LeongJo-Ann is Director of t
Page 308 and 309: Amanda McLenonAmanda is currently w
Page 310 and 311: Technical Advisory Committee on Lan
Page 314 and 315: Dana WilliamsDana earned her doctor
Page 316 and 317: Cheryl WoodleyCheryl received her P
Page 318 and 319: Qing Xiao LiUniversity of Hawaii195
Page 320 and 321: Appendix VI.OPINION PAPER:Transmiss
Page 322 and 323: 314
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