Coral Health and Disease in the Pacific: Vision for Action

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EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY AND DISEASE EMERGENCE: THE BIGPICTUREBruce WilcoxUniversity of HawaiiDept. Tropical Medicine561 Ilalo St. BSB 320Honolulu, HI 96813bwilcox@hawaii.eduRefer to:Wilcox, BA and Colwell, RR (2005). Emerging and Re-emerging InfectiousDiseases: Biocomplexity as an Interdisciplinary Paradigm, EcoHealth 2: 1–14.http://www.springerlink.com.nuncio.cofc.edu/content/u318222415449460/fulltext.pdfABSTRACT: Understanding factors responsible for reemergence of diseasesbelieved to have been controlled and outbreaks of previously unknown infectiousdiseases is one of the most difficult scientific problems facing society today.Significant knowledge gaps exist for even the most studied emerging infectiousdiseases. Coupled with failures in the response to the resurgence of infectiousdiseases, this lack of information is embedded in a simplistic view of pathogens anddisconnected from a social and ecological context, and assumes a linear response ofpathogens to environmental change. In fact, the natural reservoirs and transmissionrates of most emerging infectious diseases primarily are affected by environmentalfactors, such as seasonality or meteorological events, typically producing nonlinearresponses that are inherently unpredictable. A more realistic view of emerginginfectious diseases requires a holistic perspective that incorporates social as well asphysical, chemical, and biological dimensions of our planet’s systems. The notion ofbiocomplexity captures this depth and richness, and most importantly, the interactionsof human and natural systems. This article provides a brief review and a synthesis ofinterdisciplinary approaches and insights employing the biocomplexity paradigm andoffers a social–ecological approach for addressing and garnering an improvedunderstanding of emerging infectious diseases. Drawing on findings from studies ofcholera and other examples of emerging waterborne, zoonotic, and vectorbornediseases, a ‘‘blueprint’’ for the proposed interdisciplinary research framework isoffered which integrates biological processes from the molecular level to that ofcommunities and regional systems, incorporating public health infrastructure andclimate aspects.244
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASESStephanie Venn-Watson, D.V.M., M.P.H.U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program, San Diego, California. Ph: 619.767.4335, stephanie@epitracker.com1.0 BackgroundNewly emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases have been of increasing concernover the past 20 years (1-3). Global transportation of people, animals, and food supplies;increased interactions between wildlife, domestic animals and people; high-concentrationpopulations; and the increase in the number people with compromised immune systems(AIDS/HIV and growing elderly populations) have all been identified as risk factors foremerging infectious diseases. This paper summarizes what has been learned fromemerging infectious diseases in human and non-human animal populations; and providespreliminary recommendations for responding to emerging infectious diseases in Pacificcoral reefs.2.0 Unique profiles of emerging diseasesEmerging infectious diseases, by their nature, affect populations differently than nonemergingdiseases. These differences may be considered when developing a strategy toprevent or respond to a population health event involving an emerging disease. Theemergence of infectious diseases is most often due to 1) new pathogens, 2) changedindigenous pathogens, or 3) a compromised animal population. When a newly emerginginfectious disease is introduced to a population, a large percentage of animals (if not all)may be immunologically naïve to the pathogen. As such, this pathogen is likely to causerapid morbidity and/or mortality throughout the entire population. The rapid spread ofthe coronavirus causing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in China and othercountries in 2003 demonstrates what can happen when a new disease affects animmunologically naïve human population (4). Newly emerging diseases may also affectmultiple animal species concurrently; for example, during the Ebola virus outbreak in theCongo Republic in 2003, mortalities were reported in both gorilla and human populations(5); as another example, West Nile virus continues to cause concurrent morbidity andmortality in bird and human populations (6). Compared to newly emerging infectiousdiseases, re-emerging infectious diseases often occur due 1) a change in underlyingfactors within a population, or 2) acquired resistance of a pathogen to treatment. Bothtuberculosis and toxoplasmosis became emerging infectious diseases due to the increasednumber of people with compromised immune systems from the AIDS/HIV pandemic.Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) emerged as a pathogen of concerndue to its acquired resistance to multiple antibiotics. As such, re-emergence of apreviously ‘quiet’ pathogen may indicate a more susceptible animal population or a newability for the pathogen to resist natural or medical treatments.245
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF FIGURES
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Though the proliferation of coral r
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years. Recent surveys conducted in
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priority right now. What’s I have
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As an initial step to identify and
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The four working groups identified
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able to understand the normal struc
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In the following section the PPWG i
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subspecies, thus limiting the abili
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(Baird and Babcock 2000; Muscatine
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(Yakovleva and Hidaka 2004). In an
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y disulfides (Richards et al. 1983)
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species of Octocorallia were report
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h. Availability and Processes for o
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Understanding of conditions that su
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Physiology & Pathology Working Grou
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Boehm et al. 1995b; Downs et al. 20
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B. Overall Strategic Objective: Imp
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Table B.1 CORAL HEALTH/DISEASE INDI
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Strategic Objective B.2: Establish
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Table B.3 INDICATORS OF CORAL HEALT
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Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
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Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
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Assess potential reporting requirem
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Figure B.2 Integrated Framework for
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Challenges and Recommendations:The
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Strategic Objective C.2: Develop a
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on hold until specific guidelines c
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Pathology of Disease Working Group
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General efforts to mitigate anthrop
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Challenges and RecommendationsThere
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d. Identifying and mitigating manag
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Strategic Objective D.1: Enhance th
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known to be affected by specific co
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A variety of natural and anthropoge
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Recommendation D.3.2: Develop local
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Strategic Objective D.4: Identify p
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Management Perspectives Working Gro
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I. INTRODUCTION—SETTING THE STAGE
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more difficult to design management
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Specialized ResourcesSeveral specia
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STUDYING CORAL DISEASES; UNDERSTAND
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egional decline of Acropora. Report
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distributional maps. The GCDD inclu
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Table 1. Diseases, syndromes, abnor
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In a review article, Sutherland et
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Table 2. Various white syndromes re
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Dark spots disease was first observ
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Table 4. Other Diseases, syndromes,
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Fig. 1. Five major scleractinian co
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Fig. 3. Number of diseases observed
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ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
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Bythell, J.C., M.R. Barer, R.P. Coo
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Friends of the Virgin Islands Natio
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Knowlton, N. , J.C. Lang, M.C. Roon
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Peters E.C., J.C. Halas, and H.B. M
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Rutzler, K., D.L. Santavy, and A. A
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WORLD BANK PROJECT: CORAL DISEASE W
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Impact of fish farmsAs part of its
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III. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE--LESSON
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overgrowing corals, and may prevent
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agents have been proposed for sever
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photosynthesis pigments. This inclu
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located predominantly at the axial
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Syndrome Diagnostics ReferenceYBDDS
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The average prevalence of coral dis
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A more virulent form of WP (WP-II)
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Table 2. Prevalence, incidence and
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coralicida; Denner et al., 2003) ba
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Table 3. Causative agents and assoc
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to areas where human activities hav
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What have we learned from Caribbean
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Condition Synonyms Host range Sourc
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ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
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Croquer, A., C. Bastidas and L. Lip
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Smith, and G. R. Vasta. 1999. Emerg
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Richardson, L.L., and K.G. Kuta, 20
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IV. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE PACIF
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Fisheries:These great expanses of t
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not under the U.S. flag have other
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BASELINE LEVELS OF CORAL DISEASE IN
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INTRODUCTIONFrench Frigate Shoals (
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linear bands of unidentified granul
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The mesoglea formed an arching stru
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# ###R27####NC#R29## #R31#####TC1 R
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178Figure 3. P. duerdeni. Note clea
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Figure 4. M. capitata, note growth
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Figure 5. P. lobata (A-D). Note clu
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Figure 6. P. lobata (A-H). Coral wi
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Figure 7. A. cytherea (A-D). Type 1
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Figure 8. Blue-gray zooanthid (A-D)
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Report 1. CORAL AND CRUSTOSE CORALL
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Table 1. Coordinates of sites surve
Page 202 and 203: Based on colony counts within trans
Page 204 and 205: Histology (gross and microscopic fi
Page 206 and 207: Figure 2. A) Goniastrea sp. with ba
Page 208 and 209: Fish bites: This was manifested by
Page 210 and 211: ABCFigure 7. A-B) Plating Acropora
Page 212 and 213: ABFigure 9. A-B) Mucus sheathing in
Page 214 and 215: 5. There were differences in preval
Page 216 and 217: Appendix I. Summary of coral lesion
Page 218 and 219: Acropora Growth AnomaliesHistology:
Page 220 and 221: Lobophyllia tissue loss syndromeHis
Page 222 and 223: Report 2. JOHNSTON ATOLL REEF HEALT
Page 224 and 225: Six locations were selected for spo
Page 226 and 227: nematocyst). Other mesenteric filam
Page 228 and 229: atrophied epithelium and absence of
Page 230 and 231: Seapy 1998). Given the simple anato
Page 232 and 233: Conference, Heron Island October. S
Page 234 and 235: Figure 3: Dominant species of coral
Page 236 and 237: ABCDEFFigure 5. A. cytherea. A) Pur
Page 238 and 239: ABCDEFFigure 7. A-B) A. cytherea; D
Page 240 and 241: Figure 9. Number of lesions in A. c
Page 242 and 243: CORAL DISEASE ON THE GREAT BARRIER
Page 244 and 245: incidence is changing through time
Page 246 and 247: populations of ciliates, packed wit
Page 248 and 249: Unusual bleaching patterns: Distinc
Page 250 and 251: V. PATHOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGYDISEAS
Page 254 and 255: For the reasons outlined above, eme
Page 256 and 257: WILDLIFE DISEASE INVESTIGATIONS 101
Page 258 and 259: animals, the leaves were the same b
Page 260 and 261: examination by a state diagnostic l
Page 262 and 263: In the spring of 2003 large numbers
Page 264 and 265: VI. COMMUNICATION TO MAKE A DIFFERE
Page 266 and 267: An “Ecoplex” conceptual framewo
Page 268 and 269: Low stakeholder trust: defensive pa
Page 270 and 271: skill level for in situ determinati
Page 272 and 273: LEVERAGING POST-GENOMIC TOOLS AND S
Page 274 and 275: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe would like to ac
Page 276 and 277: grateful to the Working Group Chair
Page 278 and 279: Baird, A. H., and P. A. Marshall. 2
Page 280 and 281: Dizon, R. M., and H. T. Yap. 2006a.
Page 282 and 283: Hayakawa, H., T. Andoh, and T. Wata
Page 284 and 285: Kumar, V., A. Abbas, and N. Fausto
Page 286 and 287: Permata, W. D., and M. Hidaka. 2005
Page 288 and 289: Santavy, D. and others 2001. Quanti
Page 290 and 291: Wilkinson, C. 2002. Status of coral
Page 292 and 293: Appendix I. Meeting AgendaCORAL HEA
Page 294 and 295: 7:30 Dinner - Grand Salon Moana Sur
Page 296 and 297: genomic tools, including the curren
Page 298 and 299: Appendix III. Coral Model Species S
Page 300 and 301: Melissa BosMelissa joined the Allia
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SUNY College of Environmental Scien
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collaboration between the College o
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Jo-Ann LeongJo-Ann is Director of t
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Amanda McLenonAmanda is currently w
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Technical Advisory Committee on Lan
Page 312 and 313:
Meir SussmanMeir recently completed
Page 314 and 315:
Dana WilliamsDana earned her doctor
Page 316 and 317:
Cheryl WoodleyCheryl received her P
Page 318 and 319:
Qing Xiao LiUniversity of Hawaii195
Page 320 and 321:
Appendix VI.OPINION PAPER:Transmiss
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