Coral Health and Disease in the Pacific: Vision for Action

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Peters E.C., J.C. Halas, and H.B. McCarty. 1986. Calicoblastic neoplasms in Acroporapalmata, with a review of reports on anomalies of growth and form in corals. JournalNat. Cancer Inst. 76:895-912.Peters, E.C. 1984. A survey of cellular reactions to environmental stress and disease inCaribbean scleractinian corals. Helgol Wiss Meeresunters. 37:113-137.Peters, E.C. 1988. Symbiosis to pathology: are the roles of microorganisms as pathogensof coral reef organisms predictable from existing knowledge? Proc. Sixth Intern CoralReef Symp. 1:205-210.Peters, E.C.1993. Diseases of other invertebrate phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctnenophora,Annelida, Echinodermata pp 363-449 . IN: J.A. Couch and J.W. Fournie [eds.],Pathobiology of marine and estuarine organisms. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.Peters, coral-list posting, 1996. Coral disease outbreak.Popular Science, internet. Coral hot zone. http://www.popsci.comPorter, J.W., and O.W. Meier, 1992. Quantification of loss and change in Floridian reefcoral populations. American Zoologist. 32:625-640.Porter, J.W., P. Dustan, W.C. Jaap, K.L. Patterson, V. Kosmynin, O.W. Meier, M.E.Patterson, and M. Parsons. 2001. Patterns of spread of coral disease in the FloridaKeys. Hydrobiologia. 460:1–24.Raghukumar, J. and C. Raghukumar, 1991. Fungal invasion of massive corals. PSZNI:Mar. Ecol. 12:251-260Ramos-Flores, T. 1983. Lower marine fungus associated with black line disease in starcorals (Montastrea annularis, E. & S.). Biol. Bull. 165:429-435.Ravindran, J. and C. Raghukumar, 2002. Pink line syndrome (PLS) in the scleractiniancoral Porites lutea Coral Reefs 21: 252Ravindran, J. C. Raghukumar, and S. Raghukumar, 2001. Fungi in Porites lutea:association with healthy and diseased corals. Diseases Aquat. Org. 47:219-228.Raymundo, coral-list posting, 1996. Coral disease in the Philippines.Raymundo, L.J., C.D. Harvell, and T.L. Reynolds. 2003. Porites ulcerative white spotdisease: description, prevalence, and host range of a new coral disease affecting Indo-Pacific reefs. Diseases Aquat. Org. 56:95-104.Raymundo, L.J., C.T. Reboton, K.B. Rosell, and L. Kazcmarsky. 2004. Coral diseasesand syndromes affecting coral reefs in the Philippines Abstract, 10th ICRS, Okinawa.Raymundo, L.J., K.B. Rosell, C. Reboton, and L. Kaczmarsky.2005. Coral diseases onPhilippine reefs: genus Porites is a dominant host. Diseases Aquat. Org. 64:181-191.Reef Relief, internet. Introduction to coral stress, summer of 1997.http://www.reefrelief.org/diseases/stress97.htmlReef Check, 2005. pers commRichardson, L.L., and R.G. Carlton, 1993. Behavioural and chemical aspects of blackbanddisease of corals: an in situ field and laboratory study. Proc. Amer. AcademyUnderwater Sci. 13 th Ann. Scientific Diving Symp., pp.107-116Richardson, L.L., and K.G. Kuta, 2003. Ecological physiology of the black band diseasecyanobacterium Phormidium corallyticum. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 43: 287-298.Richardson, L.L., K.G. Kuta, S. Schnell, and R.G. Carlton. 1997. Ecology of the blackband disease microbial consortium. Proc. Eighth Intern. Coral Reef Symp. 1:597-600.118
Richardson, L.L., G.W. Smith, K.B. Ritchie, and R.G. Carlton. 2001. Integratingmicrobiological microsensor molecular and physiological techniques in the study ofcoral disease pathogenesis. Hydrobiologia. 460:71–89.Richardson, L.L. 1992. Red band disease: a new cyanobacterial infestation of corals.Proc. Tenth Ann. Amer. Acad. Underwater Sci. 153-160.Richardson, L.L., W. M. Goldberg, K. G. Kuta, R. B. Aronson, G. W. Smith, K. B.Ritchie, J. C. Halas, J. S. Feingold, and S. L. Miller. 1998a. Florida's mystery coralkilleridentified. Nature. 392:557-558Richardson, L.L. 1996. Horizontal and vertical migration patterns of Phormidiumcorallyticum and Beggiatoa spp. associated with black-band disease of corals.Microb. Ecol. 32:323-335.Richardson, L.L.1997. Occurrence of the black band disease cyanobacterium on healthycorals of the Florida Keys. Bull. Mar. Sci. 61:485-490.Richardson, L.L., and R.A. Aronson. 2002. Infectious diseases of reef corals. Proc. NinthIntern. Coral Reef Symp. 2: 1225-1230.Richardson, L.L. 1998. Coral diseases: what is really known? Trends Ecol Evol. 113:438-443.Riegl, B and A. Antonius, 2003. Halofolliculina skeleton eroding band (SEB): a coraldisease with fossilization potential? Coral Reefs. 22: 48.Riegl, B. 1998. Coral diseases and Drupella cornus invasion in the Red Sea. Coral Reefs.17:48.Riegl, B. 2002. Effects of the 1996 and 1998 positive sea-surface temperature anomalieson corals, coral diseases and fish in the Arabian Gulf (Dubai, UAE). Mar. Biol. 140:29-40.Ritchie, K.B., and G.W. Smith. 1995. Preferential carbon utilization by surface bacterialcommuniites from water mass, normal, and white-band diseased Acroporacervicornis. Mol. Mar. Bio. and Biotech. 4:345-352.Ritchie, K.B., and G.W. Smith. 1998. Type II white-band disease. Revista BiologicaTropical. 46:199-203.Rodríguez-Martínez, R. E., A.T. Banaszak, and E. Jordán-Dahlgren. 2001. Necroticpatches affect Acropora palmata (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the MexicanCaribbean. Diseases Aquat. Org. 47:229-234.Rogers, C., and J. Beets, 2001. Degradation of marine ecosystems and decline of fisheryresources in marine protected areas in the US Virgin Islands Environ. Conservation.28(4): 312-322.Rogers, C. 1985. Degradation of Caribbean and Western Atlantic coral reefs and declineof associated fisheries. Proc. Fifth Intern. Coral Reef Symp. 6:491-496.Rosenberg, E. and Ben-Haim, 2002. Microbial diseases of corals and global warming.Environ. Micro. 4(6): 318-326Rosenberg, E. 2002. The Oculina patagonica-Vibrio shiloi model system of coralbleaching. Prepared for Workshop Coral Health and Disease: Developing a NationalResearch Plan Coral Health and Disease Consortium. Charleston, South Carolina,January 22-25, 2002.Rutzler, K., and D.L. Santavy. 1983. The black band disease of Atlantic reef corals. I.Description of the cyanophyte pathogen. PSZNI: Mar. Ecol. 4:301-319.119
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF FIGURES
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Though the proliferation of coral r
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years. Recent surveys conducted in
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priority right now. What’s I have
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As an initial step to identify and
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The four working groups identified
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able to understand the normal struc
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In the following section the PPWG i
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subspecies, thus limiting the abili
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(Baird and Babcock 2000; Muscatine
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(Yakovleva and Hidaka 2004). In an
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y disulfides (Richards et al. 1983)
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species of Octocorallia were report
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h. Availability and Processes for o
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Understanding of conditions that su
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Physiology & Pathology Working Grou
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Boehm et al. 1995b; Downs et al. 20
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B. Overall Strategic Objective: Imp
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Table B.1 CORAL HEALTH/DISEASE INDI
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Strategic Objective B.2: Establish
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Table B.3 INDICATORS OF CORAL HEALT
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Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
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Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
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Assess potential reporting requirem
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Figure B.2 Integrated Framework for
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Challenges and Recommendations:The
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Strategic Objective C.2: Develop a
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on hold until specific guidelines c
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Pathology of Disease Working Group
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General efforts to mitigate anthrop
Page 75 and 76: Challenges and RecommendationsThere
Page 77 and 78: d. Identifying and mitigating manag
Page 79 and 80: Strategic Objective D.1: Enhance th
Page 81 and 82: known to be affected by specific co
Page 83 and 84: A variety of natural and anthropoge
Page 85 and 86: Recommendation D.3.2: Develop local
Page 87 and 88: Strategic Objective D.4: Identify p
Page 89 and 90: Management Perspectives Working Gro
Page 91 and 92: I. INTRODUCTION—SETTING THE STAGE
Page 93 and 94: more difficult to design management
Page 95 and 96: Specialized ResourcesSeveral specia
Page 97 and 98: STUDYING CORAL DISEASES; UNDERSTAND
Page 99 and 100: egional decline of Acropora. Report
Page 101 and 102: distributional maps. The GCDD inclu
Page 103 and 104: Table 1. Diseases, syndromes, abnor
Page 105 and 106: In a review article, Sutherland et
Page 107: Table 2. Various white syndromes re
Page 110 and 111: Dark spots disease was first observ
Page 112 and 113: Table 4. Other Diseases, syndromes,
Page 114 and 115: Fig. 1. Five major scleractinian co
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 3. Number of diseases observed
Page 118 and 119: ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
Page 120 and 121: Bythell, J.C., M.R. Barer, R.P. Coo
Page 122 and 123: Friends of the Virgin Islands Natio
Page 124 and 125: Knowlton, N. , J.C. Lang, M.C. Roon
Page 128 and 129: Rutzler, K., D.L. Santavy, and A. A
Page 130 and 131: WORLD BANK PROJECT: CORAL DISEASE W
Page 132 and 133: Impact of fish farmsAs part of its
Page 134 and 135: III. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE--LESSON
Page 136 and 137: overgrowing corals, and may prevent
Page 138 and 139: agents have been proposed for sever
Page 140 and 141: photosynthesis pigments. This inclu
Page 142 and 143: located predominantly at the axial
Page 144 and 145: Syndrome Diagnostics ReferenceYBDDS
Page 146 and 147: The average prevalence of coral dis
Page 148 and 149: A more virulent form of WP (WP-II)
Page 150 and 151: Table 2. Prevalence, incidence and
Page 152 and 153: coralicida; Denner et al., 2003) ba
Page 154 and 155: Table 3. Causative agents and assoc
Page 156 and 157: to areas where human activities hav
Page 158 and 159: What have we learned from Caribbean
Page 160 and 161: Condition Synonyms Host range Sourc
Page 162 and 163: ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
Page 164 and 165: Croquer, A., C. Bastidas and L. Lip
Page 166 and 167: Smith, and G. R. Vasta. 1999. Emerg
Page 168 and 169: Richardson, L.L., and K.G. Kuta, 20
Page 170 and 171: IV. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE PACIF
Page 172 and 173: Fisheries:These great expanses of t
Page 174 and 175: not under the U.S. flag have other
Page 176 and 177:
BASELINE LEVELS OF CORAL DISEASE IN
Page 178 and 179:
INTRODUCTIONFrench Frigate Shoals (
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linear bands of unidentified granul
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The mesoglea formed an arching stru
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# ###R27####NC#R29## #R31#####TC1 R
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178Figure 3. P. duerdeni. Note clea
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Figure 4. M. capitata, note growth
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Figure 5. P. lobata (A-D). Note clu
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Figure 6. P. lobata (A-H). Coral wi
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Figure 7. A. cytherea (A-D). Type 1
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Figure 8. Blue-gray zooanthid (A-D)
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Report 1. CORAL AND CRUSTOSE CORALL
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Table 1. Coordinates of sites surve
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Based on colony counts within trans
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Histology (gross and microscopic fi
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Figure 2. A) Goniastrea sp. with ba
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Fish bites: This was manifested by
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ABCFigure 7. A-B) Plating Acropora
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ABFigure 9. A-B) Mucus sheathing in
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5. There were differences in preval
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Appendix I. Summary of coral lesion
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Acropora Growth AnomaliesHistology:
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Lobophyllia tissue loss syndromeHis
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Report 2. JOHNSTON ATOLL REEF HEALT
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Six locations were selected for spo
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nematocyst). Other mesenteric filam
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atrophied epithelium and absence of
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Seapy 1998). Given the simple anato
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Conference, Heron Island October. S
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Figure 3: Dominant species of coral
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ABCDEFFigure 5. A. cytherea. A) Pur
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ABCDEFFigure 7. A-B) A. cytherea; D
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Figure 9. Number of lesions in A. c
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CORAL DISEASE ON THE GREAT BARRIER
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incidence is changing through time
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populations of ciliates, packed wit
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Unusual bleaching patterns: Distinc
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V. PATHOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGYDISEAS
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EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY AND DISEASE EM
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For the reasons outlined above, eme
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WILDLIFE DISEASE INVESTIGATIONS 101
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animals, the leaves were the same b
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examination by a state diagnostic l
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In the spring of 2003 large numbers
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VI. COMMUNICATION TO MAKE A DIFFERE
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An “Ecoplex” conceptual framewo
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Low stakeholder trust: defensive pa
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skill level for in situ determinati
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LEVERAGING POST-GENOMIC TOOLS AND S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe would like to ac
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grateful to the Working Group Chair
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Baird, A. H., and P. A. Marshall. 2
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Dizon, R. M., and H. T. Yap. 2006a.
Page 282 and 283:
Hayakawa, H., T. Andoh, and T. Wata
Page 284 and 285:
Kumar, V., A. Abbas, and N. Fausto
Page 286 and 287:
Permata, W. D., and M. Hidaka. 2005
Page 288 and 289:
Santavy, D. and others 2001. Quanti
Page 290 and 291:
Wilkinson, C. 2002. Status of coral
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Appendix I. Meeting AgendaCORAL HEA
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7:30 Dinner - Grand Salon Moana Sur
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genomic tools, including the curren
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Appendix III. Coral Model Species S
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Melissa BosMelissa joined the Allia
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SUNY College of Environmental Scien
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collaboration between the College o
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Jo-Ann LeongJo-Ann is Director of t
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Amanda McLenonAmanda is currently w
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Technical Advisory Committee on Lan
Page 312 and 313:
Meir SussmanMeir recently completed
Page 314 and 315:
Dana WilliamsDana earned her doctor
Page 316 and 317:
Cheryl WoodleyCheryl received her P
Page 318 and 319:
Qing Xiao LiUniversity of Hawaii195
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Appendix VI.OPINION PAPER:Transmiss
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314
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