Coral Health and Disease in the Pacific: Vision for Action

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ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecological processes affecting the reef coral population at the EastFlower Garden Bank, northwest Gulf of Mexico. Ph.D. thesis. Texas A&M Univ.,154 pp.Adey, W.H. 1978. Coral reef morphogenesis: A multidimensional model. Science.202:831-837.Aeby, G.S., and D.L. Santavy. 2006. Factors affecting susceptibility of the coralMontastraea faveolata to black-band disease. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 318:103-110.Alker, A.P., G.W. Smith, and K. Kim. 2001. Characterization of Aspergillus sydowii(Thom et Church), a fungal pathogen of Caribbean sea fan corals. Hydrobiologia.460:105-111.Antonius, A. 1973. New observations on coral destruction in reefs. Assoc. Isl. Mar. Lab.Carib., Univ. Puerto Rico. Mayaguez. Abstr. 10:3.Antonius, A. 1977. Coral mortality in reefs: a problem for science and management.Proc. Third Intern. Coral Reef Symp. 617-623.Antonius, A. 1981a. Coral Reef Pathology: a review. Proc. Fourth Intern. Coral ReefSymp. 2:3-6.Antonius, A. 1981b. The "band" diseases in coral reefs. Proc. Fourth Intern. Coral ReefSymp. 2:7-14Antonius, A. 1999. Halofolliculina corallasia, a new coral-killing ciliate on Indo-Pacificreefs Coral Reefs 18:30.Aronson, R.B., and W.F. Precht. 1997. Stasis, biological disturbance, and communitystructure of a Holocene coral reef. Paleobiology. 23 (3):326-346.Aronson, R.B., and W.F. Precht. 2001. White-band disease and the changing face ofCaribbean coral reefs. Hydrobiologia, 460:25-38Bak R.P.M., and S.R. Criens, 1981. Survival after fragmentation of colonies of Madracismirabilis, Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis (Scleractinia) and the subsequentimpact of a coral disease. Proc. Fourth Intern. Coral Reef Symp. 2:221-227.Bak, R.P.M. 1983. Neoplasia, regeneration and growth in the reef-building coralAcropora palmata. Mar. Biol. 77: 221-227.Borneman, E.H. 2005. Pathologies affecting reef corals at the Flower Garden Banks,northwest Gulf of Mexico.Bruckner, A.W., and R.J. Bruckner. 1997a. The persistence of black-band disease inJamaica: impact on community structure. Proc. Eighth Intern. Coral Reef Symp. 1:601-606.Bruckner, A.W., and R.J. Bruckner. 1997b. Outbreak of coral disease in Puerto Rico.Coral Reefs. 16:260.Bruckner, A.W., and R.J. Bruckner. 1998b. Rapid-wasting disease: pathogen or predator?Science. 279:2023-2025.Bruckner, A.W., R.J. Bruckner, and E.H. Williams. 1997b. Spread of a black-banddisease epizootic through the coral reef system in St Ann's Bay, Jamaica. Bull Mar.Sci. 61:919-928.Bruckner, A.W. 2002. Priorities for effective management of coral diseases NOAATechnical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-22. 54 pp.Bruckner, A.W., and Bruckner, R.J. 2000. Coral predation by Sparisoma virideand lack of relationship with coral disease Proc. 9th Intern Coral Reef Symp.154
2: 1245-1249.Bruckner, A.W. 2003. Field guide to western Atlantic coral diseases and othercauses of mortality. CD-ROM. UNEP-WCMC.Bruckner, A.W., and R.J. Bruckner . 2003. Condition of coral reefs off less developedcoastlines of Curaçao (stony corals and algae). Atoll Research Bull. 496:370-393.Bruckner, A.W., and Bruckner, R.J. 2006. Consequences of yellow band disease (YBD)on Montastraea annularis (species complex) populations on remote reefs off MonaIsland, Puerto Rico . Diseases Aquat. Org. 69: 67-73.Bruggemann J., M. van Oppen, and A. Breeman. 1994. Foraging by the stoplightparrotfish, Sparisoma viride. I. Intake and assimilation of food, protein and energy.Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 106:41–55.Bruno J.F., L.E. Petes, C.D. Harvell, et al., 2003. Nutrient enrichment can increase theseverity of coral diseases. Ecol. Lett. 6 :1056-1061.Bythell J., and C. Sheppard. 1993. Mass mortality of Caribbean shallow corals. Mar. Poll.Bull. 26: 296-297.Bythell, J.C., E.H. Gladfelter and M. Bythell. 1993. Chronic and catastrophic naturalmortality of three common Caribbean reef corals. Coral Reefs. 12:143-152.Bythell, J.C., M.R. Barer, R.P. Cooney, J.R. Guest, A.G. O’Donnell, O. Pantos, andM.D.A. Le Tissier. 2002. Histopathological methods for the investigation ofmicrobial communities associated with disease lesions in reef corals. Letters inApplied Microbiol. 34:359–364.Bythell, J., O Pantos and L. Richardson. 2004. White plague, white band and other"white" diseases, In E. Rosenberg and Y. Loya [eds.], Coral Health and Disease.Springer-Verlag 351-366.Carlton, R.G., and L.L. Richardson. 1995. Oxygen and sulfide dynamics in a horizontallymigrating cyanobacterial mat: Black band disease of corals. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.18:155-162.Cervino, J.M., T.J. Goreau, M. Goreau, G. Smith, and 11 others. 1997. Rapid spread ofdiseases in Caribbean coral reefs. Proc Assoc. Isl. Mar. Lab. Caribb. 28:43.Cervino, J., T.J.Goreau, I. Nagelkerken, G.W. Smith, and R. Hayes. 2001. Yellow bandand dark spot syndromes in Caribbean corals: Distribution, rate of spread, cytology,and effects on abundance and division rate of zooxanthellae. Hydrobiologica. 460:53-63.Cervino, J.M., R. Hayes, T.J. Goreau, and G.W. Smith. 2004. Zooanthellae regulation inYellow Blotch/Band and other coral diseases contrasted with temperature relatedbleaching: In situ destruction vs explusion. Symbiosis. 37:63-85.Cervino, J.M., R. Hayes, S.W. Polson, T.J. Goreau, R.J. Martinez, and G.W. Smith. 2004.Relationship of Vibrio species infection and elevated temperatures to yellowblotch/band disease in Caribbean corals. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70(11):6855-6864.Cooney, R.P., O. Pantos, M.D.A.L. Tissier, M.R. Barer, A.G. Ódonnell, and J.C. Bythell.2002. Characterization of the bacterial consortium associated with black band diseasein coral using molecular microbiological techniques. Environ. Microbiol. 4:401-413.Croquer, A., E. Weil, and D. Bone. 2004. Temporal variation in tissue mortality ofMontastrea faveolata with yellow blotch syndrome at Morrocy National Park,Venezuela. Abstract, 10th ICRS, Okinawa.155
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF FIGURES
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Though the proliferation of coral r
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years. Recent surveys conducted in
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priority right now. What’s I have
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As an initial step to identify and
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The four working groups identified
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able to understand the normal struc
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In the following section the PPWG i
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subspecies, thus limiting the abili
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(Baird and Babcock 2000; Muscatine
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(Yakovleva and Hidaka 2004). In an
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y disulfides (Richards et al. 1983)
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species of Octocorallia were report
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h. Availability and Processes for o
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Understanding of conditions that su
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Physiology & Pathology Working Grou
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Boehm et al. 1995b; Downs et al. 20
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B. Overall Strategic Objective: Imp
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Table B.1 CORAL HEALTH/DISEASE INDI
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Strategic Objective B.2: Establish
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Table B.3 INDICATORS OF CORAL HEALT
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Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
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Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
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Assess potential reporting requirem
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Figure B.2 Integrated Framework for
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Challenges and Recommendations:The
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Strategic Objective C.2: Develop a
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on hold until specific guidelines c
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Pathology of Disease Working Group
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General efforts to mitigate anthrop
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Challenges and RecommendationsThere
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d. Identifying and mitigating manag
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Strategic Objective D.1: Enhance th
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known to be affected by specific co
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A variety of natural and anthropoge
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Recommendation D.3.2: Develop local
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Strategic Objective D.4: Identify p
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Management Perspectives Working Gro
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I. INTRODUCTION—SETTING THE STAGE
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more difficult to design management
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Specialized ResourcesSeveral specia
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STUDYING CORAL DISEASES; UNDERSTAND
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egional decline of Acropora. Report
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distributional maps. The GCDD inclu
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Table 1. Diseases, syndromes, abnor
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In a review article, Sutherland et
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Table 2. Various white syndromes re
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Dark spots disease was first observ
Page 112 and 113: Table 4. Other Diseases, syndromes,
Page 114 and 115: Fig. 1. Five major scleractinian co
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 3. Number of diseases observed
Page 118 and 119: ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
Page 120 and 121: Bythell, J.C., M.R. Barer, R.P. Coo
Page 122 and 123: Friends of the Virgin Islands Natio
Page 124 and 125: Knowlton, N. , J.C. Lang, M.C. Roon
Page 126 and 127: Peters E.C., J.C. Halas, and H.B. M
Page 128 and 129: Rutzler, K., D.L. Santavy, and A. A
Page 130 and 131: WORLD BANK PROJECT: CORAL DISEASE W
Page 132 and 133: Impact of fish farmsAs part of its
Page 134 and 135: III. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE--LESSON
Page 136 and 137: overgrowing corals, and may prevent
Page 138 and 139: agents have been proposed for sever
Page 140 and 141: photosynthesis pigments. This inclu
Page 142 and 143: located predominantly at the axial
Page 144 and 145: Syndrome Diagnostics ReferenceYBDDS
Page 146 and 147: The average prevalence of coral dis
Page 148 and 149: A more virulent form of WP (WP-II)
Page 150 and 151: Table 2. Prevalence, incidence and
Page 152 and 153: coralicida; Denner et al., 2003) ba
Page 154 and 155: Table 3. Causative agents and assoc
Page 156 and 157: to areas where human activities hav
Page 158 and 159: What have we learned from Caribbean
Page 160 and 161: Condition Synonyms Host range Sourc
Page 164 and 165: Croquer, A., C. Bastidas and L. Lip
Page 166 and 167: Smith, and G. R. Vasta. 1999. Emerg
Page 168 and 169: Richardson, L.L., and K.G. Kuta, 20
Page 170 and 171: IV. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE PACIF
Page 172 and 173: Fisheries:These great expanses of t
Page 174 and 175: not under the U.S. flag have other
Page 176 and 177: BASELINE LEVELS OF CORAL DISEASE IN
Page 178 and 179: INTRODUCTIONFrench Frigate Shoals (
Page 180 and 181: linear bands of unidentified granul
Page 182 and 183: The mesoglea formed an arching stru
Page 184 and 185: # ###R27####NC#R29## #R31#####TC1 R
Page 186 and 187: 178Figure 3. P. duerdeni. Note clea
Page 188 and 189: Figure 4. M. capitata, note growth
Page 190 and 191: Figure 5. P. lobata (A-D). Note clu
Page 192 and 193: Figure 6. P. lobata (A-H). Coral wi
Page 194 and 195: Figure 7. A. cytherea (A-D). Type 1
Page 196 and 197: Figure 8. Blue-gray zooanthid (A-D)
Page 198 and 199: Report 1. CORAL AND CRUSTOSE CORALL
Page 200 and 201: Table 1. Coordinates of sites surve
Page 202 and 203: Based on colony counts within trans
Page 204 and 205: Histology (gross and microscopic fi
Page 206 and 207: Figure 2. A) Goniastrea sp. with ba
Page 208 and 209: Fish bites: This was manifested by
Page 210 and 211: ABCFigure 7. A-B) Plating Acropora
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ABFigure 9. A-B) Mucus sheathing in
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5. There were differences in preval
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Appendix I. Summary of coral lesion
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Acropora Growth AnomaliesHistology:
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Lobophyllia tissue loss syndromeHis
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Report 2. JOHNSTON ATOLL REEF HEALT
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Six locations were selected for spo
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nematocyst). Other mesenteric filam
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atrophied epithelium and absence of
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Seapy 1998). Given the simple anato
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Conference, Heron Island October. S
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Figure 3: Dominant species of coral
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ABCDEFFigure 5. A. cytherea. A) Pur
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ABCDEFFigure 7. A-B) A. cytherea; D
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Figure 9. Number of lesions in A. c
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CORAL DISEASE ON THE GREAT BARRIER
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incidence is changing through time
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populations of ciliates, packed wit
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Unusual bleaching patterns: Distinc
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V. PATHOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGYDISEAS
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EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY AND DISEASE EM
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For the reasons outlined above, eme
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WILDLIFE DISEASE INVESTIGATIONS 101
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animals, the leaves were the same b
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examination by a state diagnostic l
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In the spring of 2003 large numbers
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VI. COMMUNICATION TO MAKE A DIFFERE
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An “Ecoplex” conceptual framewo
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Low stakeholder trust: defensive pa
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skill level for in situ determinati
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LEVERAGING POST-GENOMIC TOOLS AND S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe would like to ac
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grateful to the Working Group Chair
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Baird, A. H., and P. A. Marshall. 2
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Dizon, R. M., and H. T. Yap. 2006a.
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Hayakawa, H., T. Andoh, and T. Wata
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Kumar, V., A. Abbas, and N. Fausto
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Permata, W. D., and M. Hidaka. 2005
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Santavy, D. and others 2001. Quanti
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Wilkinson, C. 2002. Status of coral
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Appendix I. Meeting AgendaCORAL HEA
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7:30 Dinner - Grand Salon Moana Sur
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genomic tools, including the curren
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Appendix III. Coral Model Species S
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Melissa BosMelissa joined the Allia
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SUNY College of Environmental Scien
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collaboration between the College o
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Jo-Ann LeongJo-Ann is Director of t
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Amanda McLenonAmanda is currently w
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Technical Advisory Committee on Lan
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Meir SussmanMeir recently completed
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Dana WilliamsDana earned her doctor
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Cheryl WoodleyCheryl received her P
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Qing Xiao LiUniversity of Hawaii195
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Appendix VI.OPINION PAPER:Transmiss
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314
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