Coral Health and Disease in the Pacific: Vision for Action

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Standard methods exist to identify filterable agents such as viruses. These includeelectron microscopy, sucrose density gradients (physical separation based on density),degenerate primers and PCR, and susceptibility to chloroform or ether (to assess whetherenveloped or unenveloped particles are present). A major limitation to the study ofvirology in corals is the current lack of laboratory cell culture systems (seeRecommendation 3.2 in the PDWG section indicating the need for coral cell lines).Standard methods also exist to identify filterable agents that are not viruses. Extracts canbe treated with chloroform and the aqueous and lipid soluble phase assayed for effect(lesion) in corals. Such methods coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometrycan help identify compounds (chemicals) that may be associated with presence of lesions.Strategic Objective C.5: Build critical scientific capacity in the field of coral pathologyand offer a health management perspective in resource management.Recommendation C.5.1: Create and Support Advanced Educational Opportunities.Strategic Objective C.6: Improve capacity to Manage Coral Disease Outbreaks.Recommendation C.6.1: Establish a Coral Disease Outbreak and Unusual MortalityResponse Program.A response program should be developed that involves a National Center that providesguidance in responding to disease outbreaks and serves as a repository for information,regional coordinators and local responders. The National Center should organize trainingprograms for Response Teams in strategic Pacific and Caribbean locations and wheneverpossible should assist in the investigation of coral disease outbreaks, facilitate processingof samples, and ensure relevant results and recommendations are provided to resourcemanagers, participants and stakeholders in a timely manner. The National Center shouldalso develop, with input from experts, a manual with a set of tools and procedures forinvestigating coral disease.62
Pathology of Disease Working Group Members:Thierry Work (Chair) – USGS, Honolulu, HIJulie Higgins (Recorder) – NOAA NOS, Charleston, SCAndrew Bruckner – NOAA NMFS, Silver Spring, MDDave Jessup - California Dept. Fish and Game, Santa Cruz, CARobert Jonas – George Mason University, Fairfax, VAAriel Kushmaro- Ben-Gurion University, Be'er-Sheva, IsraelEmmett Shotts – USGS (retired), Cleveland, GAPamela Parnell - Professional Veterinary Pathology Services, Columbia, SCMeir Sussman - James Cook University, Townsville, AustraliaBette Willis - James Cook University, Townsville, Australia63
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF FIGURES
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Though the proliferation of coral r
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years. Recent surveys conducted in
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priority right now. What’s I have
Page 23 and 24: As an initial step to identify and
Page 25 and 26: The four working groups identified
Page 27 and 28: able to understand the normal struc
Page 29 and 30: In the following section the PPWG i
Page 31 and 32: subspecies, thus limiting the abili
Page 33 and 34: (Baird and Babcock 2000; Muscatine
Page 35 and 36: (Yakovleva and Hidaka 2004). In an
Page 37 and 38: y disulfides (Richards et al. 1983)
Page 39 and 40: species of Octocorallia were report
Page 41 and 42: h. Availability and Processes for o
Page 43 and 44: Understanding of conditions that su
Page 45 and 46: Physiology & Pathology Working Grou
Page 47 and 48: Boehm et al. 1995b; Downs et al. 20
Page 49 and 50: B. Overall Strategic Objective: Imp
Page 51 and 52: Table B.1 CORAL HEALTH/DISEASE INDI
Page 53 and 54: Strategic Objective B.2: Establish
Page 55 and 56: Table B.3 INDICATORS OF CORAL HEALT
Page 57 and 58: Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
Page 59 and 60: Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
Page 61 and 62: Assess potential reporting requirem
Page 63 and 64: Figure B.2 Integrated Framework for
Page 65 and 66: Challenges and Recommendations:The
Page 67 and 68: Strategic Objective C.2: Develop a
Page 69: on hold until specific guidelines c
Page 73 and 74: General efforts to mitigate anthrop
Page 75 and 76: Challenges and RecommendationsThere
Page 77 and 78: d. Identifying and mitigating manag
Page 79 and 80: Strategic Objective D.1: Enhance th
Page 81 and 82: known to be affected by specific co
Page 83 and 84: A variety of natural and anthropoge
Page 85 and 86: Recommendation D.3.2: Develop local
Page 87 and 88: Strategic Objective D.4: Identify p
Page 89 and 90: Management Perspectives Working Gro
Page 91 and 92: I. INTRODUCTION—SETTING THE STAGE
Page 93 and 94: more difficult to design management
Page 95 and 96: Specialized ResourcesSeveral specia
Page 97 and 98: STUDYING CORAL DISEASES; UNDERSTAND
Page 99 and 100: egional decline of Acropora. Report
Page 101 and 102: distributional maps. The GCDD inclu
Page 103 and 104: Table 1. Diseases, syndromes, abnor
Page 105 and 106: In a review article, Sutherland et
Page 107: Table 2. Various white syndromes re
Page 110 and 111: Dark spots disease was first observ
Page 112 and 113: Table 4. Other Diseases, syndromes,
Page 114 and 115: Fig. 1. Five major scleractinian co
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 3. Number of diseases observed
Page 118 and 119: ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
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Bythell, J.C., M.R. Barer, R.P. Coo
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Friends of the Virgin Islands Natio
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Knowlton, N. , J.C. Lang, M.C. Roon
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Peters E.C., J.C. Halas, and H.B. M
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Rutzler, K., D.L. Santavy, and A. A
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WORLD BANK PROJECT: CORAL DISEASE W
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Impact of fish farmsAs part of its
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III. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE--LESSON
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overgrowing corals, and may prevent
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agents have been proposed for sever
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photosynthesis pigments. This inclu
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located predominantly at the axial
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Syndrome Diagnostics ReferenceYBDDS
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The average prevalence of coral dis
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A more virulent form of WP (WP-II)
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Table 2. Prevalence, incidence and
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coralicida; Denner et al., 2003) ba
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Table 3. Causative agents and assoc
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to areas where human activities hav
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What have we learned from Caribbean
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Condition Synonyms Host range Sourc
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ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
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Croquer, A., C. Bastidas and L. Lip
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Smith, and G. R. Vasta. 1999. Emerg
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Richardson, L.L., and K.G. Kuta, 20
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IV. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE PACIF
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Fisheries:These great expanses of t
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not under the U.S. flag have other
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BASELINE LEVELS OF CORAL DISEASE IN
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INTRODUCTIONFrench Frigate Shoals (
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linear bands of unidentified granul
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The mesoglea formed an arching stru
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# ###R27####NC#R29## #R31#####TC1 R
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178Figure 3. P. duerdeni. Note clea
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Figure 4. M. capitata, note growth
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Figure 5. P. lobata (A-D). Note clu
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Figure 6. P. lobata (A-H). Coral wi
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Figure 7. A. cytherea (A-D). Type 1
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Figure 8. Blue-gray zooanthid (A-D)
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Report 1. CORAL AND CRUSTOSE CORALL
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Table 1. Coordinates of sites surve
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Based on colony counts within trans
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Histology (gross and microscopic fi
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Figure 2. A) Goniastrea sp. with ba
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Fish bites: This was manifested by
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ABCFigure 7. A-B) Plating Acropora
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ABFigure 9. A-B) Mucus sheathing in
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5. There were differences in preval
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Appendix I. Summary of coral lesion
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Acropora Growth AnomaliesHistology:
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Lobophyllia tissue loss syndromeHis
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Report 2. JOHNSTON ATOLL REEF HEALT
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Six locations were selected for spo
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nematocyst). Other mesenteric filam
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atrophied epithelium and absence of
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Seapy 1998). Given the simple anato
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Conference, Heron Island October. S
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Figure 3: Dominant species of coral
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ABCDEFFigure 5. A. cytherea. A) Pur
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ABCDEFFigure 7. A-B) A. cytherea; D
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Figure 9. Number of lesions in A. c
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CORAL DISEASE ON THE GREAT BARRIER
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incidence is changing through time
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populations of ciliates, packed wit
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Unusual bleaching patterns: Distinc
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V. PATHOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGYDISEAS
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EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY AND DISEASE EM
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For the reasons outlined above, eme
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WILDLIFE DISEASE INVESTIGATIONS 101
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animals, the leaves were the same b
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examination by a state diagnostic l
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In the spring of 2003 large numbers
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VI. COMMUNICATION TO MAKE A DIFFERE
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An “Ecoplex” conceptual framewo
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Low stakeholder trust: defensive pa
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skill level for in situ determinati
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LEVERAGING POST-GENOMIC TOOLS AND S
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe would like to ac
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grateful to the Working Group Chair
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Baird, A. H., and P. A. Marshall. 2
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Dizon, R. M., and H. T. Yap. 2006a.
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Hayakawa, H., T. Andoh, and T. Wata
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Kumar, V., A. Abbas, and N. Fausto
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Permata, W. D., and M. Hidaka. 2005
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Santavy, D. and others 2001. Quanti
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Wilkinson, C. 2002. Status of coral
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Appendix I. Meeting AgendaCORAL HEA
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7:30 Dinner - Grand Salon Moana Sur
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genomic tools, including the curren
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Appendix III. Coral Model Species S
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Melissa BosMelissa joined the Allia
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SUNY College of Environmental Scien
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collaboration between the College o
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Jo-Ann LeongJo-Ann is Director of t
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Amanda McLenonAmanda is currently w
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Technical Advisory Committee on Lan
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Meir SussmanMeir recently completed
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Dana WilliamsDana earned her doctor
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Cheryl WoodleyCheryl received her P
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Qing Xiao LiUniversity of Hawaii195
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Appendix VI.OPINION PAPER:Transmiss
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