Coral Health and Disease in the Pacific: Vision for Action

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Dana WilliamsDana earned her doctorate degree in 2002, at the University of South Florida workingwith Dr. Pam Hallock-Muller on the population dynamics of a reef foraminifer. She thenbegan post-doctoral research at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School (RSMAS)working with Dr. Margaret Miller (National Marine Fisheries Service) on acroporid coralpopulations in the Florida Keys. In 2003 Dana’s discovery of an atypical diseaseoutbreak in Acropora cervicornis in the Florida Keys led to her involvement in theCDHC and its first coordinated response and investigation of a coral disease outbreak.Since this outbreak investigation, Dana has continued to contribute her time and expertisetoward refining the field sampling protocols for the CDHC’s overall coral diseaseoutbreak investigation response plan. Currently Dana is an assistant scientist at RSMASworking on Acropora spp. population monitoring and restoration methods in the FloridaKeys.Email: dana.williams@noaa.govBette WillisBette is a Professor at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and anAssociate Professor in the School of Marine Biology and Aquaculture at James CookUniversity (Townsville, Australia). Her research explores questions relating to thebiology and ecology of scleractinian corals. Current research focuses firstly on theprevalence and ecological significance of coral disease on the Great Barrier Reef, andsecondly on the implications of flexibility in algal endosymbiosis for the physiology ofthe coral host, particularly in relation to thermal tolerance and climate change. She is aCo-Chair of the GEF Working Group on Coral Disease (Targeted Research and CapacityBuilding for Management program), a primary goal of which is a global assessment intothe causes, origins and impacts of coral disease worldwide.Email: bette.willis@jcu.edu.auWendy WiltseWendy is an environmental scientist with US EPA Region 9 in Honolulu where sheworks on coral reef, wetlands, and water quality management. Wendy has worked on arange of EPA’s water quality management programs, coordinated a watershedmanagement project on Maui, and is active in Hawaii’s Local Action Strategy to addressland-based pollution threats to coral reefs. She’s worked in Hawaii for over 12 years.Wendy has a Ph.D. in Marine Ecology from the University of Massachusetts.Email: wiltse.wendy@epa.gov306
Gary WobeserGary is with the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of VeterinaryMedicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. He wasraised on a mixed farm in Saskatchewan and trained initially as a wildlife biologist (BSA,MSc) and then entered Veterinary Medicine (DVM) and specialized as a veterinarypathologist (my PhD dealt with aquatic mercury poisoning in fish and mink). He hasbeen a faculty member of the Department of Veterinary Pathology since 1974 and serveda stint as Head of the Department. Gary was founding co-director of the CanadianCooperative Wildlife Health Centre, which is a cooperative enterprise among Canada’sfour veterinary colleges, and serves all federal and provincial wildlife resource agencies.He teaches veterinary pathology at the undergraduate and graduate level, and wildlifediseases at the graduate level. He also does diagnostic pathology for both domestic andwild species. Gary’s research interest includes disease of all types in free-living animalsand he has worked at one time or another with many different diseases in mammals, birdsand a few in fish. He has published three books on the subject: Diseases of WildWaterfowl (in its second edition), Investigation and Management of Disease in WildAnimals (currently being revised), and Essentials of Disease in Wild Animals (publishedin 2006).Email: Wobeser@usask.caStephanie Venn-WatsonStephanie Venn-Watson, D.V.M., M.P.H. received her veterinary degree from TuftsUniversity School of Veterinary Medicine (1999) and public health degree from EmoryUniversity Rollins School of Public Health (2000). During 1999-2001, Stephanie was aveterinary epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) andserved as Project Director for the World Health Organization's Global SalmonellaSurveillance System (WHO Global Salm-Surv). Stephanie completed a NationalResearch Council Associateship at the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program (MMP)during 2001-2002. She has been a civil servant veterinary epidemiologist at the MMPsince 2003. Stephanie's primary responsibilities are epidemiological investigations;marine mammal infectious diseases; oversight of population health and databasedevelopment; and coordination of clinical research.Email: stephanie @epitracker.com307
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF FIGURES
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Though the proliferation of coral r
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years. Recent surveys conducted in
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priority right now. What’s I have
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As an initial step to identify and
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The four working groups identified
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able to understand the normal struc
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In the following section the PPWG i
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subspecies, thus limiting the abili
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(Baird and Babcock 2000; Muscatine
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(Yakovleva and Hidaka 2004). In an
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y disulfides (Richards et al. 1983)
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species of Octocorallia were report
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h. Availability and Processes for o
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Understanding of conditions that su
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Physiology & Pathology Working Grou
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Boehm et al. 1995b; Downs et al. 20
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B. Overall Strategic Objective: Imp
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Table B.1 CORAL HEALTH/DISEASE INDI
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Strategic Objective B.2: Establish
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Table B.3 INDICATORS OF CORAL HEALT
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Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
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Table B.4 IDENTIFICATION OF RISK FA
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Assess potential reporting requirem
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Figure B.2 Integrated Framework for
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Challenges and Recommendations:The
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Strategic Objective C.2: Develop a
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on hold until specific guidelines c
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Pathology of Disease Working Group
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General efforts to mitigate anthrop
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Challenges and RecommendationsThere
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d. Identifying and mitigating manag
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Strategic Objective D.1: Enhance th
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known to be affected by specific co
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A variety of natural and anthropoge
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Recommendation D.3.2: Develop local
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Strategic Objective D.4: Identify p
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Management Perspectives Working Gro
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I. INTRODUCTION—SETTING THE STAGE
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more difficult to design management
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Specialized ResourcesSeveral specia
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STUDYING CORAL DISEASES; UNDERSTAND
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egional decline of Acropora. Report
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distributional maps. The GCDD inclu
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Table 1. Diseases, syndromes, abnor
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In a review article, Sutherland et
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Table 2. Various white syndromes re
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Dark spots disease was first observ
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Table 4. Other Diseases, syndromes,
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Fig. 1. Five major scleractinian co
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Fig. 3. Number of diseases observed
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ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
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Bythell, J.C., M.R. Barer, R.P. Coo
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Friends of the Virgin Islands Natio
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Knowlton, N. , J.C. Lang, M.C. Roon
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Peters E.C., J.C. Halas, and H.B. M
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Rutzler, K., D.L. Santavy, and A. A
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WORLD BANK PROJECT: CORAL DISEASE W
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Impact of fish farmsAs part of its
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III. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE--LESSON
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overgrowing corals, and may prevent
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agents have been proposed for sever
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photosynthesis pigments. This inclu
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located predominantly at the axial
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Syndrome Diagnostics ReferenceYBDDS
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The average prevalence of coral dis
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A more virulent form of WP (WP-II)
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Table 2. Prevalence, incidence and
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coralicida; Denner et al., 2003) ba
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Table 3. Causative agents and assoc
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to areas where human activities hav
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What have we learned from Caribbean
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Condition Synonyms Host range Sourc
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ReferencesAbbott, R.E. 1979. Ecolog
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Croquer, A., C. Bastidas and L. Lip
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Smith, and G. R. Vasta. 1999. Emerg
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Richardson, L.L., and K.G. Kuta, 20
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IV. STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE PACIF
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Fisheries:These great expanses of t
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not under the U.S. flag have other
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BASELINE LEVELS OF CORAL DISEASE IN
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INTRODUCTIONFrench Frigate Shoals (
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linear bands of unidentified granul
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The mesoglea formed an arching stru
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# ###R27####NC#R29## #R31#####TC1 R
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178Figure 3. P. duerdeni. Note clea
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Figure 4. M. capitata, note growth
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Figure 5. P. lobata (A-D). Note clu
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Figure 6. P. lobata (A-H). Coral wi
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Figure 7. A. cytherea (A-D). Type 1
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Figure 8. Blue-gray zooanthid (A-D)
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Report 1. CORAL AND CRUSTOSE CORALL
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Table 1. Coordinates of sites surve
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Based on colony counts within trans
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Histology (gross and microscopic fi
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Figure 2. A) Goniastrea sp. with ba
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Fish bites: This was manifested by
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ABCFigure 7. A-B) Plating Acropora
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ABFigure 9. A-B) Mucus sheathing in
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5. There were differences in preval
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Appendix I. Summary of coral lesion
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Acropora Growth AnomaliesHistology:
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Lobophyllia tissue loss syndromeHis
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Report 2. JOHNSTON ATOLL REEF HEALT
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Six locations were selected for spo
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nematocyst). Other mesenteric filam
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atrophied epithelium and absence of
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Seapy 1998). Given the simple anato
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Conference, Heron Island October. S
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Figure 3: Dominant species of coral
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ABCDEFFigure 5. A. cytherea. A) Pur
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ABCDEFFigure 7. A-B) A. cytherea; D
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Figure 9. Number of lesions in A. c
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CORAL DISEASE ON THE GREAT BARRIER
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incidence is changing through time
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populations of ciliates, packed wit
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Unusual bleaching patterns: Distinc
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V. PATHOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGYDISEAS
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EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY AND DISEASE EM
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For the reasons outlined above, eme
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WILDLIFE DISEASE INVESTIGATIONS 101
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animals, the leaves were the same b
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examination by a state diagnostic l
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In the spring of 2003 large numbers
Page 264 and 265: VI. COMMUNICATION TO MAKE A DIFFERE
Page 266 and 267: An “Ecoplex” conceptual framewo
Page 268 and 269: Low stakeholder trust: defensive pa
Page 270 and 271: skill level for in situ determinati
Page 272 and 273: LEVERAGING POST-GENOMIC TOOLS AND S
Page 274 and 275: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe would like to ac
Page 276 and 277: grateful to the Working Group Chair
Page 278 and 279: Baird, A. H., and P. A. Marshall. 2
Page 280 and 281: Dizon, R. M., and H. T. Yap. 2006a.
Page 282 and 283: Hayakawa, H., T. Andoh, and T. Wata
Page 284 and 285: Kumar, V., A. Abbas, and N. Fausto
Page 286 and 287: Permata, W. D., and M. Hidaka. 2005
Page 288 and 289: Santavy, D. and others 2001. Quanti
Page 290 and 291: Wilkinson, C. 2002. Status of coral
Page 292 and 293: Appendix I. Meeting AgendaCORAL HEA
Page 294 and 295: 7:30 Dinner - Grand Salon Moana Sur
Page 296 and 297: genomic tools, including the curren
Page 298 and 299: Appendix III. Coral Model Species S
Page 300 and 301: Melissa BosMelissa joined the Allia
Page 302 and 303: SUNY College of Environmental Scien
Page 304 and 305: collaboration between the College o
Page 306 and 307: Jo-Ann LeongJo-Ann is Director of t
Page 308 and 309: Amanda McLenonAmanda is currently w
Page 310 and 311: Technical Advisory Committee on Lan
Page 312 and 313: Meir SussmanMeir recently completed
Page 316 and 317: Cheryl WoodleyCheryl received her P
Page 318 and 319: Qing Xiao LiUniversity of Hawaii195
Page 320 and 321: Appendix VI.OPINION PAPER:Transmiss
Page 322 and 323: 314
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