i Patrick W. Staib Anthropology This dissertation is approved, and it ...

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to transport them to El Oasis. I did not attend this meeting, but I did notice that Martínez sat at the head of a long table that was covered in beer bottles and leftover food. He spoke and gestured to the co-op staff as they quietly nodded. Given that the co-ops cover the cost of this person’s visit, it seemed to me that Martínez was running up quite a tab. I later heard that he spent the remainder of his stay at La Tomasa, a local bar and brothel. Because I was close to several farmers, I knew they were tensely awaiting Martínez’ visit, only to find that he spent the five days at the local brothel, inebriated. I had been hoping to get feedback from Martínez on the UCA-San Juan co-op’s internal inspection system. I had prepared an overview of the internal inspection procedures and wanted to review them with Martínez. Unfortunately, I never had the chance to learn his perspective since it seems that he was only there to drink and fornicate. The Fair Trade inspection was very different. Doña Rosa Madríz is a contracted inspector for FLO. She also must review accounts for the past year’s sales to Fair Trade markets and meet with base-level co-ops and their affiliated farmers. Doña Rosa was very attentive in her visits with the UCA-San Juan. She also assembled the entire membership of two UCA-San Juan base-level member co-ops that were experiencing organizational and export difficulties. She invited me to attend these gatherings with the base level co- ops. Doña Rosa sat down with the directors of all of the member co-ops in the UCA- San Juan, but as noted above she requested to meet with the entire membership of two base-level co-ops, Pedro Altamirano and Gáspar Garcia. She explained to me that her issue with these two groups was the dubious activity regarding tracking the origin of the coffee they exported to the specialty Fair Trade market. “Hay problemas con la 246
transparencia (There’s problems with transparency),” she admitted. I asked for further elaboration. Parece que el la Gáspar hay muchos productores que pertenecen a dos grupos, la cooperativa [Gáspar Garcia] y la Asocición de Productores de Santo Domingo. Los que pertenecen a la asociación no pueden vender Comercio Justo, aunque lo hacen. El caso de la Pedro Altamirano es que supuestamente su terreno está embargada pero siguen exportando. Quiero saber de dónde están sacando este café si no hay terreno donde producir. (It seems like the Gáspar co-op has a lot of farmers that belong to two groups, the Gáspar and the Association of Santo Domingo Farmers 90 . Those that belong to the Association cannot sell in the Fair Trade market, even though they do. The case with Pedro Altamirano is that they supposedly have an embargo on their land, but they contintue to export. I need to know where they are getting their coffee even though there is no land to grow it.) Doña Rosa was on a fact-finding mission regarding the origin of coffee sold under the Fair Trade certification. Her discussions with both co-ops were tense. The directorship of the Pedro Altamirano co-op met with her on a co-op member’s porch along the road leading into Guanacastillo. They admitted to obtaining coffee from other plantations that were not included in their certification. Doña Rosa issued a violation and a warning to the Pedro co-op for selling uncertified coffee under their certification. She also told them that another violation would mean losing their Fair Trade certification and they would be ineligible to reapply for three years. She clarified that the Pedro Altamirano co-op needed to include new farms in the renewal application or settle the legal issues that they were experiencing on their collective land. 90 Gáspar Garcia Co-op is based in the community of Santo Domingo, between Telpaneca and San Juan. It is a founding member of the UCA-San Juan. The Association of Santo Domingo Farmers is an unaffiliated group of individual farmers that seek to export without belonging to a second-level co-op. The impropriety in this case is that the same farmers have dual membership and are competing internally for resources and rewards. This is a violation of the transparency mandate of Fair Trade (FLO) certification/ 247
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Patrick W. Staib Candidate Anthropo
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COFFEE AND THE COUNTRYSIDE: SMALL F
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I heartily acknowle
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Informal Economy in San Juan del R
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Preface La sabiduria y la constante
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aftershocks of a war in this commun
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This chapter brings the reader into
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Introduction: The Fieldwork I first
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I had visited Matagalpa in 2000, wh
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agricultural extension agents 3 in
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Figure 1. Map of Nicaragua showing
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Nevertheless, San Juan was the idea
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Telpaneca today is a depressed muni
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Figure 2. Electoral map of San Juan
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espondents reported that at least o
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In my experience assisting small-sc
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fieldwork, including surveying, int
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crop aggregation meeting simply bec
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The following chapters are an overv
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Don Amado raised his family of six
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once-bustling colonial center of Nu
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One afternoon, while sitting on his
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Chapter 1 Regional Identity Formati
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Vásquez’ records indicate that t
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The native Segovians apparently coo
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The role of native Segovians was ke
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thousands 22 of passengers to Nicar
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The Pueblos de Indios stood in the
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industry leader and an advocate for
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The mid to late 1980s proved to be
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The Indigenous Revolt of 1881 and I
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These communities appear to have es
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sectors of society forced rural com
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Nationalist writers Gámez (1889),
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San Juan farmers’ understandings
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Sandinista Revolution made signific
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Sandino’s Influential Rebellion A
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Migrant workers in the Babilonia go
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In an ironic turn of events, the Sa
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Somoza regime and U.S. economic and
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The high ideals of the Sandinista r
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three special zones. Las Segovias,
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economic activity for rural communi
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Over time, some members wanted to g
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Chapter 3 Personal Histories of Agr
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to talk about the confiscation of S
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mountains, El Malacate, El Majaste,
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transport between Samarkanda and Sa
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high-altitude farmland. Don Mundo,
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areas. The Contras were former Guar
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effort. As Don Ramón put it, “la
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The project was called Huertos Fami
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who is president of the Carlos Fons
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Part Two Development: International
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I consider how organic coffee fits
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Small-Scale Agrarian Communities, D
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Although the ideological justificat
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(Richards 1985; Dennis 1987). Latin
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dominated much of Third World expor
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depleting natural resources or degr
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communities experience tensions and
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I sat in and helped facilitate seve
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urning. When the wind was calm, our
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Marvin was involved with a rural en
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Hurricane Mitch and the Internation
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Conclusion Because the plant and th
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The Farmers of Las Grietas Upon mee
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stonemason and carpenter for local
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for work in the past five years? If
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for Danilo, but not as closely as w
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The lives of these three families h
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Adrian was able to invest in a bene
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employee dormitories. The large far
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Wiwilí. Danilo had to show proof o
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in Nicaragua, and I encountered it
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from the training in production tec
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farmers who receive pre-harvest fin
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award committee, in 2003 and 2004.
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time farm staff. Danilo, on the oth
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were able to accumulate large tract
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natural resources, to conserve, pro
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The growers share a collective resp
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Danilo, Maragojipe does not thrive
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In August and September, farmers fo
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gallon bucket of coffee cherries, a
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section with smaller Catuaí plants
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The beans turn from a pale green to
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Rainforest Alliance and the Audubon
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Figure 5. Depulping coffee with mot
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engañar facilmente (They [the brok
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farmers are not adept at these proc
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The International Cup of Excellence
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Organic Farming Responsibilities In
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The Nicaraguan Rural Development In
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unsuccessfully combated, can only b
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Organic Fertilizers Many coffee far
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community. This means, for example,
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application. Most farmers had not e
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They returned that evening empty-ha
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Danilo’s fields as we talked with
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converting to organic production. H
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in their cooperative and communitie
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organizational strategies present m
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Part Three Outcomes: Cooperative Or
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Page 211 and 212: coffee farmer, and José Manuel Mor
Page 213 and 214: El estado cuenta con nosotros porqu
Page 215 and 216: company” (la empresa) when talkin
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Page 219 and 220: firm, CISA/AGRO. Corcasan has its o
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Page 223 and 224: funding package. Corcasan brought i
Page 225 and 226: The credit model from banks and mic
Page 227 and 228: green coffee that weighed 412 quint
Page 229 and 230: This is not an exact measurement, b
Page 231 and 232: only for a few select farmers. That
Page 233 and 234: Tito is Heberto’s oldest son. He
Page 235 and 236: Towards the end of my fieldwork the
Page 237 and 238: Danilo received several of the bene
Page 239 and 240: prohibited on this farm).” Some f
Page 241 and 242: One afternoon in August 2006, near
Page 243 and 244: single gas station in San Juan. Bro
Page 245 and 246: camp, was only 30 kilometers away.
Page 247 and 248: emote parts of the community to fin
Page 249 and 250: apparently the more diligent farmer
Page 251 and 252: Chapter 8 Community-Based Campesino
Page 253 and 254: campesinos y del ecosistema. No hay
Page 255 and 256: Nosotros en la Procaoc vendemos apa
Page 257 and 258: have the capacity to supply the dem
Page 259: instructor, actually instructs farm
Page 263 and 264: waste my time with the smaller farm
Page 265 and 266: Javier Vanegas, accountant for the
Page 267 and 268: conversation provided a foundation
Page 269 and 270: carpenter; and Jorge, the assistant
Page 271 and 272: “Nosotros [Guillermo Hernández]
Page 273 and 274: en el servicio. (They gave it to me
Page 275 and 276: The cooperative model for export ag
Page 277 and 278: day went on. The music changed to l
Page 279 and 280: would ask me about my research and
Page 281 and 282: familiar with the community of Guan
Page 283 and 284: houses and additional farmland, but
Page 285 and 286: statement was in reference to Corca
Page 287 and 288: colonial history in Chapter 1), the
Page 289 and 290: Conclusion Regional Segovian identi
Page 291 and 292: production and marketing of organic
Page 293 and 294: economic development programs. In t
Page 295 and 296: capacity of their fellow farmers. T
Page 297 and 298: encountered in trying to conserve r
Page 299 and 300: Benjamin, Medea 1987 Don’t Be Afr
Page 301 and 302: Enríquez, Laura J. 1991 Harvesting
Page 303 and 304: Guido, Clemente 1989 Los Conservado
Page 305 and 306: MAGFOR 2004 Estrategia para la reco
Page 307 and 308: Redford, Kent H. and Allyn. M. Stea
Page 309 and 310: Turner, Terence 1991 Representing,
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Appendix EL SIGÜIENTE COMUNICADO R
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