i Patrick W. Staib Anthropology This dissertation is approved, and it ...

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confirmed for me that the dependency scenario of development programs permeates all levels of cooperative organization. Pedro Altamirano Land Claim: Campesinos’ Fight against Corruption One of the founding base-level co-ops in the UCA and a former CAS is the Gaspár Garcia cooperative in Santo Domingo, Telpaneca. They experienced serious problems with their collective land around the time that I began to visit San Juan del Río Coco in 2001. They had contracted a lawyer to defend them in a case against Volcafe Specialty S.A., an international exporter. Volcafe had embargoed an entire season’s harvest from the Gaspár Garcia cooperative because of past debts and poor quality. The leaders of Gaspár Garcia had to sue Volcafe to get payment for their coffee. In a murky turn of events, Gaspár’s leadership offered their land title from the Agrarian Reform as collateral for their lawyer’s fees. They won the case, but the lawyer then maneuvered to make himself the owner of Gaspár’s land. Gaspár’s president, Napoleon Polanco, needed the UCA’s support to recuperate its land. Griselda relied on the Sandinista party to help Gaspár out of this bind. The negotiations required many trips to Somoto and to Managua. In the end, the UCA received the support of Daniel Ortega, then secretary general of the Sandinista party, to defend the land claim case. He accompanied Griselda, Napoleon, and other UCA and Gaspár representatives to Somoto to attend the land claim trial. Gaspár Garcia got their land back. A similar case took place with another UCA founding cooperative, Pedro Altamirano. This case did not receive as much national or political attention as the Gaspár Garcia case. This time, the UCA administration did not offer support. I became 266
familiar with the community of Guanacastillo through acquaintances who belonged to the UCA. Don Sixto Fajardo was the president of the UCA and Don Hermógenes Herrera was the UCA’s secretary. I occasionally traveled Guanacastillo to see how farmers diversified their production between Arabica coffee, which requires cool climates and sufficient humidity, and the corn and beans that are traditionally from warmer, lowland climes. The situation of the Pedro Altamirano co-op came to my attention after the Cup of Excellence awards in 2005. Sixto and Hermógenes belonged to the other Guanacastillo coop, El Progreso, which was formed voluntarily (rather than being formed under the Agrarian Reform) by individuals in the region after the Contra War, according to Hermógenes. I knew that Pedro Altamirano had had no harvest for the past two years and that they were embroiled in an embargo of their crops and a land dispute. I decided over the winter holiday season of 2005 to see whether I could provide assistance. I recruited Danilo’s son Everst, a third-year law school student in Managua who was home for vacation, to assist me. The Pedro Altamirano cooperative is located in the community of Guanacastillo in the municipality of El Jícaro. La Pedro, as it is known, is a founding co-op of the UCA. It was formed as a CAS during the Agrarian Reform of the early 1980s. The 78 members of La Pedro were relocated to this region during campesino evacuations and land reforms. They have since worked collectively on 100 manzanas of coffee farms for 24 years. Twice they took out loans for renovations. They planted macadamia, neem, and other shade trees. In 1984 they took out an additional loan through the National Development Bank to renovate 45 manzanas, and in 1990 they took out another loan 267
Page 1 and 2:
Patrick W. Staib Candidate Anthropo
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COFFEE AND THE COUNTRYSIDE: SMALL F
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I heartily acknowle
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Informal Economy in San Juan del R
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Preface La sabiduria y la constante
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aftershocks of a war in this commun
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This chapter brings the reader into
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Introduction: The Fieldwork I first
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I had visited Matagalpa in 2000, wh
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agricultural extension agents 3 in
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Figure 1. Map of Nicaragua showing
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Nevertheless, San Juan was the idea
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Telpaneca today is a depressed muni
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Figure 2. Electoral map of San Juan
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espondents reported that at least o
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In my experience assisting small-sc
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fieldwork, including surveying, int
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crop aggregation meeting simply bec
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The following chapters are an overv
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Don Amado raised his family of six
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once-bustling colonial center of Nu
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One afternoon, while sitting on his
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Chapter 1 Regional Identity Formati
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Vásquez’ records indicate that t
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The native Segovians apparently coo
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The role of native Segovians was ke
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thousands 22 of passengers to Nicar
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The Pueblos de Indios stood in the
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industry leader and an advocate for
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The mid to late 1980s proved to be
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The Indigenous Revolt of 1881 and I
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These communities appear to have es
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sectors of society forced rural com
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Nationalist writers Gámez (1889),
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San Juan farmers’ understandings
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Sandinista Revolution made signific
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Sandino’s Influential Rebellion A
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Migrant workers in the Babilonia go
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In an ironic turn of events, the Sa
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Somoza regime and U.S. economic and
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The high ideals of the Sandinista r
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three special zones. Las Segovias,
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economic activity for rural communi
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Over time, some members wanted to g
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Chapter 3 Personal Histories of Agr
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to talk about the confiscation of S
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mountains, El Malacate, El Majaste,
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transport between Samarkanda and Sa
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high-altitude farmland. Don Mundo,
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areas. The Contras were former Guar
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effort. As Don Ramón put it, “la
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The project was called Huertos Fami
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who is president of the Carlos Fons
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Part Two Development: International
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I consider how organic coffee fits
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Small-Scale Agrarian Communities, D
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Although the ideological justificat
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(Richards 1985; Dennis 1987). Latin
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dominated much of Third World expor
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depleting natural resources or degr
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communities experience tensions and
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I sat in and helped facilitate seve
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urning. When the wind was calm, our
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Marvin was involved with a rural en
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Hurricane Mitch and the Internation
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Conclusion Because the plant and th
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The Farmers of Las Grietas Upon mee
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stonemason and carpenter for local
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for work in the past five years? If
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for Danilo, but not as closely as w
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The lives of these three families h
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Adrian was able to invest in a bene
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employee dormitories. The large far
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Wiwilí. Danilo had to show proof o
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in Nicaragua, and I encountered it
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from the training in production tec
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farmers who receive pre-harvest fin
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award committee, in 2003 and 2004.
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time farm staff. Danilo, on the oth
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were able to accumulate large tract
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natural resources, to conserve, pro
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The growers share a collective resp
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Danilo, Maragojipe does not thrive
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In August and September, farmers fo
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gallon bucket of coffee cherries, a
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section with smaller Catuaí plants
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The beans turn from a pale green to
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Rainforest Alliance and the Audubon
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Figure 5. Depulping coffee with mot
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engañar facilmente (They [the brok
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farmers are not adept at these proc
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The International Cup of Excellence
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Organic Farming Responsibilities In
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The Nicaraguan Rural Development In
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unsuccessfully combated, can only b
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Organic Fertilizers Many coffee far
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community. This means, for example,
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application. Most farmers had not e
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They returned that evening empty-ha
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Danilo’s fields as we talked with
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converting to organic production. H
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in their cooperative and communitie
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organizational strategies present m
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Part Three Outcomes: Cooperative Or
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organizational models that have bee
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coffee farmer, and José Manuel Mor
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El estado cuenta con nosotros porqu
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company” (la empresa) when talkin
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their estimated yield should cover
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firm, CISA/AGRO. Corcasan has its o
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earning higher prices for their far
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funding package. Corcasan brought i
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The credit model from banks and mic
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green coffee that weighed 412 quint
Page 229 and 230: This is not an exact measurement, b
Page 231 and 232: only for a few select farmers. That
Page 233 and 234: Tito is Heberto’s oldest son. He
Page 235 and 236: Towards the end of my fieldwork the
Page 237 and 238: Danilo received several of the bene
Page 239 and 240: prohibited on this farm).” Some f
Page 241 and 242: One afternoon in August 2006, near
Page 243 and 244: single gas station in San Juan. Bro
Page 245 and 246: camp, was only 30 kilometers away.
Page 247 and 248: emote parts of the community to fin
Page 249 and 250: apparently the more diligent farmer
Page 251 and 252: Chapter 8 Community-Based Campesino
Page 253 and 254: campesinos y del ecosistema. No hay
Page 255 and 256: Nosotros en la Procaoc vendemos apa
Page 257 and 258: have the capacity to supply the dem
Page 259 and 260: instructor, actually instructs farm
Page 261 and 262: transparencia (There’s problems w
Page 263 and 264: waste my time with the smaller farm
Page 265 and 266: Javier Vanegas, accountant for the
Page 267 and 268: conversation provided a foundation
Page 269 and 270: carpenter; and Jorge, the assistant
Page 271 and 272: “Nosotros [Guillermo Hernández]
Page 273 and 274: en el servicio. (They gave it to me
Page 275 and 276: The cooperative model for export ag
Page 277 and 278: day went on. The music changed to l
Page 279: would ask me about my research and
Page 283 and 284: houses and additional farmland, but
Page 285 and 286: statement was in reference to Corca
Page 287 and 288: colonial history in Chapter 1), the
Page 289 and 290: Conclusion Regional Segovian identi
Page 291 and 292: production and marketing of organic
Page 293 and 294: economic development programs. In t
Page 295 and 296: capacity of their fellow farmers. T
Page 297 and 298: encountered in trying to conserve r
Page 299 and 300: Benjamin, Medea 1987 Don’t Be Afr
Page 301 and 302: Enríquez, Laura J. 1991 Harvesting
Page 303 and 304: Guido, Clemente 1989 Los Conservado
Page 305 and 306: MAGFOR 2004 Estrategia para la reco
Page 307 and 308: Redford, Kent H. and Allyn. M. Stea
Page 309 and 310: Turner, Terence 1991 Representing,
Page 311 and 312: Appendix EL SIGÜIENTE COMUNICADO R
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