Mitigation and Remedy of Groundwater Arsenic Menace in India
Mitigation and Remedy of Groundwater Arsenic Menace in India
Mitigation and Remedy of Groundwater Arsenic Menace in India
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5.2.2 Co-precipitation ……………………………………………………...................... 835.2.2.1 Enhanced Lime S<strong>of</strong>ten<strong>in</strong>g ………………………………………............................ 835.2.2.2 Conventional Gravity Coagulation/Filtration …………………………..….. 845.2.2.3 Coagulation Assisted Micro-filtration ………………………………...……......….. 855.2.3 Adsorption ………………………………...…………………………...…….. 855.2.3.1 Activated Alum<strong>in</strong>a (AA) …………………………………………………………….. 865.2.3.2 Activated Carbon (AC) ……………………………………………………………… 885.2.3.3 Iron Based Sorbents (IBS) ……………………………………………………………885.2.3.4 Indigenous Filters............…………………………………..……………………… 895.2.3.5 Cartridge Filters ………………………………………….........…………………… 905.2.4 Ion Exchange …………………………………………………………………...905.2.5 Membrane Technology ……………………………………………………………. 915.3 Innovative Technologies ...............……………………………………………………945.3.1 Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) …………………………...…………………..945.3.2 Phytoremediation…………………………………………………......…………….955.3.3 Biological Treatment……………………………………......……………………….. 965.3.4 Electrok<strong>in</strong>etic Treatment …………………….....…………………………............. 975.4 Waste Disposal / Sludge Management ……………………………........………… 985.4.1 L<strong>and</strong>fill Disposal ………………………………………………………………….... 995.4.2 Direct Discharge to Surface Waters ……………………………………………. 995.4.3 Indirect Discharge ………………....…………………………………….. 995.4.4 L<strong>and</strong> Application …………………………………………………………............ 1005.4.5 On-site Sewerage……………………………………………………………........... 1005.5 Alternative Options …………………………………………………………... 1005.6 Performance Audit, Evaluation <strong>and</strong> People's Participation ………………….....1005.7 Observations, Analysis <strong>and</strong> Appraisal …………........………………………. 1025.8 Summary ………………………………………....…………………………. 105Chapter- 6: A Critical Appraisal- Future Risk, Scopeto Remediate, Technological Competence, etc. ……....……. 109-1246.1 Appraisal on Source <strong>and</strong> Mobilization <strong>in</strong> the Bengal Bas<strong>in</strong> ……......….…… 1096.2 Appraisal on <strong>Arsenic</strong> Removal Technologies ……………………………….. 1126.2.1 <strong>Arsenic</strong> Removal Technologies ……………………………………………….... 1126.3 Future <strong>of</strong> Remediation Approaches ………………………………………….1156.3.1 In-situ Treatment <strong>of</strong> <strong>Arsenic</strong> <strong>in</strong> Aquifer by…………………………………......115Remov<strong>in</strong>g Dissolved Iron6.3.2 Limestone-based <strong>Arsenic</strong> Removal Methods ……………………………………. 1166.3.3 Remediation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Arsenic</strong> contam<strong>in</strong>ated Soils by……………………………………117<strong>in</strong> situ Chemical Fixationxii
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