Mitigation and Remedy of Groundwater Arsenic Menace in India

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Mitigation and Remedy of Groundwater Arsenic Menace in India : A Vision Document• Diagnosis survey of the arsenic vulnerable areas and preparing thematic maps on GISenvirons showing arsenic affected, arsenic vulnerable and freshwater zones;• Delineation of arsenic free aquifers including deeper aquifers; and assessment of theiryields and potential to tap, including preparation of thematic maps on GIS environs ;• Detection of genesis of arsenic in Ganga-Brahmaputra flood plains and finding reasonsof large scale activation in Holocene aquifers;• Improving understanding of sorption kinetics of arsenic both in solid and water phasesfor different physicochemical and geo-chemical conditions, dissolution and reductionpotential of arsenic in different state-of-affairs chemical composition and enhancingknowledgebase on arsenic mobilization processes under different hydro-geologicalsettings;• Development of appropriate sustainable in-situ remedial techniques employinginnovative ideas/techniques including phyto-remediation and bioremediation;• Modeling studies to evolve sound aquifer management strategies including arrestspreading, harness fresh aquifer zones, study of movement of arsenic in aquifers fordifferent stresses in the groundwater domain, etc.;• Evolving alternate water management strategies in arsenic vulnerable areas to meetdemand of irrigation water requirement including feasibility studies for adaptation;• Impact of fertilizers and pesticides infiltration to the arsenic contaminated aquifers;• Pilot scale study to translate, test effectiveness and adaptation of the in-situ arsenicremoval technique claimed by Queen's University, Belfast;• Pilot scale study for in-situ removal of arsenic from As-Fe interrelationships or otherinnovative methods;• Exploring possibility of tapping monsoon groundwater recharge (top most layer ofshallow aquifer) using radial collector wells and river bank storages by infiltrationgalleries/ intake wells;• Pilot scale studies to test efficiency and effectiveness of different technologicaladvancements, propositions and concepts for in-situ arsenic remedy;• Impact of arsenic in food chains and health risk assessment;• Impact of arsenic groundwater contamination on health, society, environment, andsocio-economic issues, etc.NIH & CGWB 143
Roadmap for Achieving Envisaged Targets(iii)R & Ds to roll-overThe techniques and technologies expected to be developed at the laboratory and fieldlevel R & Ds should finally roll over to the field. Most of the techniques and technologies fellshort to produce satisfactory results because of many unforeseen and undefined factors, suchas; implementing agencies do not even know as to how go about, social unacceptability,complicated O & M, etc. One has to have, therefore, a clear idea as to how the task is to beimplemented and operated to get its targeted benefits. So, the R & D activity, in such case, couldbe to evolve methods as to how a socially acceptable public-private-people entrepreneurship forimplementation, operation and maintenance of the schemes can be translated to the field toderive sustainable benefits.8.1.2 Ensuring Arsenic Free WaterIn order to provide arsenic free potable water to the populace in the arsenic affectedareas, the following alternate measures as a stopgap arrangement can be initiated: (i) in areaswhere population density is relatively more and the area is under the grip of arsenic effect andthere are limited scope for alternate freshwater supply; arsenic removal devices, by choosing thebest working model among the existing devices under the public-private partnership withcommunity participation in the O and M, would be a suitable proposition to adopt, (ii) in areaswhere freshwater aquifers can be tapped using hand pump with no risk of arseniccontamination; installation of new hand pumps can provide a reasonable solution, (iii) the areaswhere deeper aquifers can be tapped with no future risk of contamination from the overlainaquifer; supply of potable groundwater by exploration of deeper aquifers can provide a soundsolution, and (iv) the places where the surface water supply can be ensured as an alternatesource of groundwater; fitting piped surface water supply scheme (although expensive) can bea reasonable proposition to adopt.During the past few years, many small scale arsenic removal devices have been developed,field tested and used in West Bengal. Out of 10 such tested arsenic removal devices, fewhave proved satisfactory performances both in terms of arsenic removal efficiency, and O & M.The schemes in which regular O & M are entrusted with the local community are found to haveproduced successful results. Arsenic removal devices attached with Hand Pumps and tube wellsdeveloped and marketed by M/s Pal Trockner Foundation Ltd, India in association with HarbauerGmbH, Germany; by Oxide India (Catalysts) Pvt. Ltd, Durgapur; and by Apyron Technologies(P) Ltd. representing of Apyron Technologies Inc., USA are those devices and schemes, whichhave shown satisfactory performances in the field. Comparison of photographs (Figs. 8.1 and8.2) taken during November, 2008 representing two similar type of schemes marketed by M/sPal Trockner Pvt. Ltd. located in a kilometer distance apart, one with care of O & M, other onewithout care of O & M, clearly revealed that sustainability of a scheme mainly depends on howdo one nurtures the scheme rather than the sophistication of the scheme.144NIH & CGWB
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe Government of In
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nearly 33 villages in 4 districts i
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(iii) Whether ex-situ removal techn
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6.4 Experiences during Arsenic Remo
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List of FiguresFigure no. Figure ca
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List of TablesTable no. Table Capti
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Mitigation and Remedy of Groundwate
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5.2.2 Co-precipitationMitigation an
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Mitigation and Remedy of Groundwater Arsenic Menace in India

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