Mitigation and Remedy of Groundwater Arsenic Menace in India

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Mitigation and Remedy of Groundwater Arsenic Menace in India : A Vision DocumentA hydrogeological map showing formations and characteristics of potential deepaquifers, underneath of arsenic affected areas in West Belgal, prepared by CGWB-ER, is shownin Fig. 4.4. However, in order to ascertain responses of overlain contaminated zone and theprobable threat of contamination to the deep aquifers, due to different stresses in the groundwaterdomain, a multi-aquifer system based flow and contaminant transport modeling need to becarried out to secure the fate of the groundwater domain before such schemes are planted.BROAD HYDROGEOLOGICAL ZONESOF WEST BENGALAABBBBHABAR SURFACECJ LOWER DELTAIC FORMATIONSLOWER BAIKUNTHAPUR /C/E RANAGHAT SURFACE/YOUNGER ALLUVIUMD/F BARIND/ OLDER ALLUVIUM/LATERITEA/G/H/I GONDWANA/ GRANITIC ROCKS/SCHIEST/WEATHERED RESIDUUMRAJMAHAL TRAP/BIRBHUM GRANITE/CDGHIFEEJJFigure 4.4: Disposition of delineated arsenic free deep aquifers in some parts of arsenicinfested areas in West Bengal (Source: CGWB-ER, Kolkata)4.1.6 Use of arsenic removal filters for supply of arsenic free groundwaterSurface water sources and deep aquifers are practiced in places wherever they arefound feasible in terms of technical and financial aspects, and as such schemes are few innumbers. However, usages of arsenic contaminated groundwater, by removing arsenic with thehelp of arsenic removal filters, have been extended in a large scale in the West Bengal. Anumber of arsenic removal devices, developed by various organizations, based on differentscientific propositions have been put in practice under a number of schemes. Centralgovernment, state government, academic institutions and few private organizations have comeforward with arsenic removal devices and implemented them in many places to provide treatedarsenic free water to the populace in the affected areas. Govt. of West Bengal alone has spentNIH & CGWB 67
Mitigation and Remediation Update from West Bengal and Bihar : Studies and Projects Initiatedmore than Rs.832.46 crores on arsenic removal schemes. Different types of arsenic removalschemes have been devised. These devices vary in size, filtering mechanisms, and mechanismsof operation. Based on the size, the schemes can be categorized as 'Arsenic Removal Unit(ARU)' and 'Arsenic Removal Plant (ARP)'. ARUs are those, whose inlet are directly connectedto a hand pump or tube well. They are complete units. Arsenic Removal Unit is normallya small assembly which can meet requirement of water for a smaller section of people. ARPs,on the other hand, are those units, which have the capacity to treat a large quantity of water andcan cover a large section of populace. Nearly, 77 ARUs, each having coverage of 15000 populations,have been installed with the existing piped water supply scheme. And 2396 ARUs, eachhaving coverage of 600-800 population, have been fitted with the existing hand pumps. Nearly1900 ARPs have been put in operation in many places. A photograph of an ARP connected withan existing piped water supply scheme is shown in Fig.4.5.However, most of the arsenic removal devices particularly, ARUs, failed to producesatisfactory results mainly due to the shortcomings in operation and maintenance. The arsenicremoval devices, whose O & M aspects are managed by community participation, couldproduce a satisfactory performance. In addition to the ARU and ARP, a large number of domesticfilters have been developed by various academic and R & D institutions, which have beensuccessful in reducing arsenic to a safe level. They have been marketed to affected habitats ata marginal cost. As a measure to render services to the people and for water quality surveillance,PHED has established 17 chemical laboratories at the district level. Besides that, UnitedNation International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF) entered into a strategic alliance withthe Govt. of West Bengal in a Joint Plan of Action (JPOA) to address issues related to thearsenic menace in the State. The JPOA includes testing of tube well water yielding arsenic freewater, taking appropriate mitigation measures by way of construction of deep hand pump fittedwith tube well, development of arsenic removal filters, supporting research & developmentfacilities, providing platform for information sharing and creating awareness programme. Theproposed plan of action under the JPOA is given in Table-2.68Figure 4.5: Arsenic Removal Plant (ARP) connected to an existing piped water supplyschemes (PWSS).NIH & CGWB
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe Government of In
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nearly 33 villages in 4 districts i
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(iii) Whether ex-situ removal techn
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6.4 Experiences during Arsenic Remo
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List of FiguresFigure no. Figure ca
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List of TablesTable no. Table Capti
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Mitigation and Remedy of Groundwate
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Mitigation and Remedy of Groundwater Arsenic Menace in India

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