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564 N. O. E. Olsson et al.Table 3. Difference between the situation before and after the investments (%)PlannedapproachActualapproachProjectTravel time,built sectionTravel time,whole lineNumber oftrainsPunctualityNumber oftravellersIntegrated Section Vestfold −10 −5 52 24 4Section Section Bergen −13 0 0 3 −9Integrated Integrated Gardermoen −36 −18 94 15 108Section Integrated Østfold −41 −10 16 76 71Differences are given as a percentage = (after − before)/before.Gardermoen data relate to regional trains.airport had 11.3 million passengers, not counting transfers (JBV Utredning, 2004).Table 5 uses 2002 as a reference.Østfold LineGoing south from Oslo to the Swedish boarder, the Østfold line has a mix of local,regional, freight and long-distance trains. Close to Oslo, commuting traffic dominatesand capacity utilization is high. The project was approved at a very earlystage of the planning process. At the time, a crossing where trains can meet or overtakewas planned along this line. Few preparations were made for a large-scaleconstruction. Table 6 shows development on the Østfold line of selected indicators.Bergen LineThe single-track Bergen line is characterized by long-distance passenger andfreight traffic between Oslo and Bergen, the two largest cities in Norway, withTable 4.Summary of key indicators for the Vestfold line: estimated, ex-ante andex-post(1990/91) a Expected after b January 2005)Actual autumn 2004Before construction(13 June 2004–8Travel time whole line (Oslo–Larvik) c 2 h 14 min 1 h 48 min 2 h 07 minTravel time over the built section42 min (35 min), 7-min 38 min(Skoppum–Drammen)reduction dNumber of trains per day (including27 40 41both directions)Punctuality (%) 72 e 95 89 fLength of construction (km) 140 g 17Costs (€ millions) 755 (2001) 160 (2002) hNumber of travellers (thousands perannum)1 478 1708 i –3196 j 1510 ka Based on the reference alternative in NSB (1992); b ‘Alternative A’ in NSB (1992); c average of passengertrains; d Jernbaneverket (1997); e punctuality within 5 min; f official statistics show 86% punctuality, butbased on punctuality within 3 min. The estimate numbers from 1992 refer to punctuality within 5 min.The 3-min values have therefore been converted to 5-min values for correct comparison; g based onNSB (1989, 1992); h based on Table 2; i 2000 estimate, reference alternative with no construction; j 2000estimate, the last year in the prognosis; based on full development; k 2003.