Mechanisms of aluminium neurotoxicity in oxidative stress-induced ...

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INTRODUCTION and [Al13(OH)30] 9+ . The solid Al(OH)3 is the predominant species in the neutral pH range, whereas the soluble tetrahedral aluminate [Al(OH)4] - predominates above pH 8. Figure 21: Mole fraction of soluble aluminium ions as a function of solution pH in aqueous solution (Priest 2004) Sources of aluminium exposure Environmental exposure 54 Aluminium and its compounds are widely distributed in the environment although most naturally occurring aluminium is bound and not readily bioavailable. As example, this metal is present in a variety of minerals, such as silicates (feldspars and micas), complexed with fluorine and sodium as cryolite, and is chiefly mined as bauxite, a mineral containing 40-60% aluminium oxide (alumina) (Ganrot 1986). Aluminium is a major constituent of atmospheric particulates, primarily found as alumino-silicates, originating from natural soil erosion, mining or agricultural activities, volcanic eruptions, or coal combustion. Atmospheric aluminium concentrations were reported to range generally from 5 to 180 µg/m 3 (Sorenson et al. 1974) whereas concentrations in industrial areas are often in the milligram per cubic meter range.
INTRODUCTION Varying amounts of aluminium are present naturally in groundwater and surface water, including those used as sources of drinking water. Acidification of lakes and streams by acid rain mobilize aluminium from the soil to the aquatic environment increasing the amount of this metal (Cronan and Schoefield 1979, Harris et al. 1996). Aluminium concentrations in natural water normally are small but may vary in the urban areas (Constantini and Giordano 1991) depending if aluminium flocculents (most commonly alum or aluminium sulphate) are used during the treatment process for purification purposes for clarifying turbid drinking water (Martin 1986, Lévesque et al. 2000). Dietary exposure Aluminium is found in the tissues of many plants and animals. The concentration in foods varies widely, depending upon the product, the type of processing, and the geographical origin (means range from
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Universidade de Santiago de Compost
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Don Ramón Soto Otero y Doña Estef
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Acknowledgements The work of this t
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Abbreviations AA ascorbic acid AD A
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Abbreviations (continuation) PCC pr
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List of figures (continuation) Chap
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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....
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CHAPTER 3 Brain oxidative stress an
Page 25 and 26:
INTRODUCTION PARKINSON’S DISEASE
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUCTION PD is found in all eth
Page 29 and 30: Bradykinesia INTRODUCTION Bradykine
Page 31 and 32: INTRODUCTION predate the occurrence
Page 33 and 34: Table 1: Differential diagnostic in
Page 35 and 36: INTRODUCTION Table 3: National Inst
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4: Dopamine catabolism (Mén
Page 39 and 40: The basal ganglia INTRODUCTION The
Page 41 and 42: The death of SNpc DAergic neurons I
Page 43 and 44: INTRODUCTION the dorsomedial part o
Page 45 and 46: INTRODUCTION characterized as are l
Page 47 and 48: INTRODUCTION (Olanow et al. 2004).
Page 49 and 50: Etiology and pathogenesis of PD INT
Page 51 and 52: Ageing INTRODUCTION Ageing remains
Page 53 and 54: INTRODUCTION The finding of MPTP to
Page 55 and 56: INTRODUCTION may clarify why many n
Page 57 and 58: Misfolding and aggregation of prote
Page 59 and 60: INTRODUCTION (E3) (Figure 18A). Los
Page 61 and 62: INTRODUCTION in connection with Par
Page 63 and 64: INTRODUCTION Oxidative damage happe
Page 65 and 66: DA metabolism as a source of ROS IN
Page 67 and 68: Contribution of oxidative and nitro
Page 69 and 70: Excitotoxicity INTRODUCTION Glutama
Page 71 and 72: INTRODUCTION al. 1996, Cicchetti et
Page 73 and 74: Experimental models of PD INTRODUCT
Page 75 and 76: INTRODUCTION induce selective DAerg
Page 77: ALUMINIUM General features INTRODUC
Page 81 and 82: INTRODUCTION and antiperspirants co
Page 83 and 84: INTRODUCTION approximately 3% of al
Page 85 and 86: Excretion INTRODUCTION As insoluble
Page 87 and 88: INTRODUCTION 3.5 mg may be increase
Page 89 and 90: INTRODUCTION Oteiza 1999), non-iron
Page 91 and 92: Aluminium as a cell membrane menace
Page 93 and 94: INTRODUCTION mobilization of Ca 2+
Page 95: Aluminium impairs neurotransmission
Page 99 and 100: AIMS OF THE PRESENT THESIS The main
Page 101: OBJETIVOS
Page 104 and 105: OBJETIVOS 3) Evaluar de forma preci
Page 107: CHAPTER 1 Time-course of brain oxid
Page 110 and 111: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 86 6-OHDA (2
Page 112 and 113: CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS Che
Page 114 and 115: CHAPTER 1 followed by centrifugatio
Page 116 and 117: CHAPTER 1 RESULTS Effects of 6-OHDA
Page 118 and 119: CHAPTER 1 DISCUSSION 94 As shown by
Page 120 and 121: CHAPTER 1 strategies or to study th
Page 122 and 123: CHAPTER 1 Fig. 2 Changes in PCC in
Page 125: CHAPTER 2
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ABSTRACT CHAPTER 2 In the present w
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals CHA
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CHAPTER 2 atomization used were 1,5
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DISCUSSION CHAPTER 2 Aluminium ente
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Table 1. Graphite furnace programme
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CHAPTER 3 Brain oxidative stress an
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CHAPTER 3 INTRODUCTION 120 The huma
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CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS Che
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CHAPTER 3 1:15 for hippocampus and
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CHAPTER 3 initially incorporated to
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CHAPTER 3 RESULTS In vivo effects o
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CHAPTER 3 Effects of aluminium admi
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CHAPTER 3 DISCUSSION 132 Aluminium
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CHAPTER 3 hippocampus, showed simil
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CHAPTER 3 assume that the distinct
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CHAPTER 3 Fig. 1 Levels of TBARS (A
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CHAPTER 3 Fig. 2 Enzyme activity of
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CHAPTER 3 Fig. 3 Microphotographs s
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CHAPTER 3 Fig. 5 Levels of TBARS (A
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CHAPTER 3 Fig. 6 In vitro effects o
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SUMMARY
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SUMMARY values were attained at 48
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SUMMARY neurodegeneration in the DA
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CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in
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13) Aluminium does affect neither M
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RESUMEN RESUMEN Desde el punto de v
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RESUMEN zonas cerebrales excepto en
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CONCLUSIONES
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CONCLUSIONES Capítulo 2 4) La admi
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CONCLUSIONES 172 En base a las conc
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Publications as a direct result fro
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REFERENCES
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