Practice of Kinetics (Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics, Volume 1)

3 APPARATUS 65TABLE 10PAR TIC LE A C C E LE R A T 0 R S1"AcceleratorX-ray machineResonanttransformerCockroft-WaltonacceleratorVan der GraaffacceleratorBetatronCyclotronLinear electronacceleratorLinear ionacceleratorParticles accelerated Energy Commentsor produced(MeV)I IIX-rays 0.05-0.3 Pulsed beam unless constantpotential power supply used,continuous energy spectrum.X-rays 0.1-3.5 Pulsed beam, continuousenergy spectrum.Positive ions 0.1-1.5 Continuous beam, monoenergeticradiation.X-rays 1.5 Continuous beam, continuousenergy spectrumElectrons and 1.5 Continuous beam, monoenergeticpositive ionsradiation.X-rays 10-300 Pulsed beam, continuous energyspectrum.Electrons 10-300 Pulsed beam, monoenergeticradiation.Positive ions 10-20 Essentially continuous beam,monoenergetic radiation.X-rays 3-630 Pulsed beam, continuous energyspectrum.Electrons 3-630 Pulsed beam, essentially monoenergeticradiationPositive ions 4-400 Pulsed beam, essentially monoenergeticradiation.are included for the sake of completeness. All the accelerators which give highenergy electrons can be used as X-ray sources by stopping the electrons with aheavy metal target such as tungsten. The range of various accelerated particles aregiven in Table 11.Radioactive isotope sources. These may be subdivided into the two types naturaland those produced in nuclear reactors. The characteristics of reactors are discussedby Bopp and Parkinson'". Some commonly used isotopes are shown inTables 12 and 13.Other sources are listed in the various references above.Hot atom chemistry. The subject of hot atom chemistry'82 finds itself here because,together with molecular beam and photochemical methods, nuclear recoilprocesses have been used extensively as hot atom sources. These reactions leadvariously to abstraction, addition and displacement processes both with saturatedspecies such as CH,183 and unsaturated species. Table 14 shows various sources ofhot atoms.References pp. 104-111