Practice of Kinetics (Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics, Volume 1)

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3 APPARATUS 65TABLE 10PAR TIC LE A C C E LE R A T 0 R S1"AcceleratorX-ray machineResonanttransformerCockroft-WaltonacceleratorVan der GraaffacceleratorBetatronCyclotronLinear electronacceleratorLinear ionacceleratorParticles accelerated Energy Commentsor produced(MeV)I IIX-rays 0.05-0.3 Pulsed beam unless constantpotential power supply used,continuous energy spectrum.X-rays 0.1-3.5 Pulsed beam, continuousenergy spectrum.Positive ions 0.1-1.5 Continuous beam, monoenergeticradiation.X-rays 1.5 Continuous beam, continuousenergy spectrumElectrons and 1.5 Continuous beam, monoenergeticpositive ionsradiation.X-rays 10-300 Pulsed beam, continuous energyspectrum.Electrons 10-300 Pulsed beam, monoenergeticradiation.Positive ions 10-20 Essentially continuous beam,monoenergetic radiation.X-rays 3-630 Pulsed beam, continuous energyspectrum.Electrons 3-630 Pulsed beam, essentially monoenergeticradiationPositive ions 4-400 Pulsed beam, essentially monoenergeticradiation.are included for the sake of completeness. All the accelerators which give highenergy electrons can be used as X-ray sources by stopping the electrons with aheavy metal target such as tungsten. The range of various accelerated particles aregiven in Table 11.Radioactive isotope sources. These may be subdivided into the two types naturaland those produced in nuclear reactors. The characteristics of reactors are discussedby Bopp and Parkinson'". Some commonly used isotopes are shown inTables 12 and 13.Other sources are listed in the various references above.Hot atom chemistry. The subject of hot atom chemistry'82 finds itself here because,together with molecular beam and photochemical methods, nuclear recoilprocesses have been used extensively as hot atom sources. These reactions leadvariously to abstraction, addition and displacement processes both with saturatedspecies such as CH,183 and unsaturated species. Table 14 shows various sources ofhot atoms.References pp. 104-111
66 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR SLOW REACTIONSTABLE 11RANGE FOR A C C E LE R A TED PA R TI C LES"'Particle Energy Range in air Range in Range in(MeV) (cm) at IS" C A1 (mm) water (mm)and 760 torrElectron 1310Proton 131030Deuteron 1 '31030405140042002.3141158201.78.8684801.55.519.50.0130.0720.644.30.00960.0490.372.654.115320.0230.141.28.50.0880.725.0Helium 1nu c 1 e u s 310300.571.710.5710.00290.00770.0570.3750.00530.0170.11-TABLE 12a AND y EMITTERSIsotope Reaction Energy (MeV) Half-lifea Emittersrasursrurz8Rarr2RnDecayDecayDecayDecay4.184.7634.78 (94.2 %) 4.595.4864.55 x lo8 year2.3 x lo6 year1620 year3.823 dayy Emitters'87CsJJ?BalroLa'OCOlsZTaFissionFission(n, 7)lalTa (n, y)0.6620.09-3.01.17-1.330.04-1.230 year, 2.6 month40 hour5.3 year117 day(c) UnitsThe units for an absorbed dose are discussed in refs. 167 and 168. The fundamentalunit, in terms of the energy absorbed per gram, is the rad, which is 100 erg.g-' and is equivalent to 6.24. eV g-' or 6.24 x lOI3 x p eV. cm-3, where p is thedensity of the material. This unit is required when making dosimetric measurements.For X- or y-radiation, the exposure dose is used. The unit is one roentgen
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COMPREHENSIVE CHEMICAL KINETICS
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P.O.ELSEVIER PUBLISHING COMPANY335
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Contributors to Volume 1L. BATTDepa
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XCONTENTS4.3 Gas chromatography ...
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XI1CONTENTS4.6 Magnetic measurement
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4 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR SLOW REA
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Reaction Furnace CircuitI10 EXPERIM
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116 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR FAST R
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;,124 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR FAST
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178 REFERENCES46 M. EIGEN AND L. DE
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Chapter 3Experimental Methods for t
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182 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR HETERO
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192 EXPERIMENT A L MET H 0 D S F 0
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206 EXPERXMENTAL METHODS FOR HETERO
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222 EXPERIMENT A L METHODS F 0 R HE
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230 EXPERIMENT A L METHOD s FOR HET
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236 EXPERIMENT A L METHOD s FOR HE
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242 EXPERIMENT A L ME TH 0 D S FOR
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248 EXPERIMENT A L METHOD s F o R H
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254 EXPERIMENTAL MET HODS FOR HETER
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258 EXPERIMENT A L METHODS F 0 R HE
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270 EXPERIMENTAL MET HODS FOR HE TE
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274 EXPERIMENT A L METHOD s FOR HE
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280 DETECTION AND ESTIMATION OF INT
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344 TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL DATAf
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346 TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL DATAp
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348 TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL DATAg
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350 TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL DATAT
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420 TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL DATAA
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IndexAabsorption cross section, che
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424 INDEXbenzyl chloride, matrix ph
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426 INDEXchlorine (contdj—, react
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428 INDEXdeuterium oxide, addition
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430 INDEXentropy change, in radical
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432 INDEXfrequency of oscillation,
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434 INDEXhydrogen atoms (contdj—,
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436 INDEXisotopes (contd.J—, use
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438 INDEXmethyl radicals, chain ter
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440 INDEXoctadiene, ESR determinati
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442 INDEXphotoelectric measurement,
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444 INDEXrad, definition of, 66radi
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446 INDEXSchmidt number, and mass t
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448 INDEXTtailing reducer, in gas c
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450 INDEXviscosity, and diffusion c
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Practice of Kinetics (Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics, Volume 1)

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