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Action steps• Continue involving women’s organisations andhuman rights defenders in the defence of a virtualspace free of violence against women.• Develop a proposal specifically to tackle violenceagainst women using ICTs. This shouldinclude governmental institutions with informationabout violence against women as well as anetwork strategy to unite efforts between differentsectors and institutions.• Encourage the prevention, reporting and punishmentof offences by the institutions responsiblefor protecting the population.• Lobby the institutions responsible for legislatingon these matters. To this end, it is essentialto document cases of violence against womenusing ICTs and to prepare bills to improve thecontent of Law 1257 of 2008 and/or producenew bills or laws related to violence againstwomen online. 16• Promote citizens’ mobilisation acknowledgingthe violence against women using ICTs online.It is also essential to launch online campaignsin order to eradicate all acts of violence againstwomen. 17 ■16 For more information see Caicedo Naranjo (2012) Op. cit.17 The FLOW-funded Colnodo project, Women’s Rights in DigitalSpaces, is leading up the APC campaign Take Back The Tech inColombia and has launched a website where resources, campaignsand actions on the issue are provided. dominemoslatecnologia.org100 / Global Information Society Watch
CONGO, democratic republic ofOnline violation of women’s rightsSi Jeunesse SavaitFrançoise MukukuIntroductionDuring the electoral campaign of 2011, a female politicianfrom the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)stood for parliament and was duly elected. One day,while I was watching television, I saw that she hadbeen the victim of phone harassment. A strangerregularly threatened her because she had been successfulin the elections.The insults included insinuations that she hadprostituted herself to win the post and that shewas no longer worthy of being a wife. The man,who failed to introduce himself every time, alsoused a blocked number. Despite her fear at seeingthat anybody could access her number, shesaid that she felt an inner reassurance becauseshe had campaigned well and deserved her seatin parliament.The story of our parliamentarian is unfortunatelynot isolated. For women who dare to take publicoffice, or are in some way in a position to give theiropinions on the running of the country – such asjournalists, female politicians or public figures inother domains – it is not uncommon to receive telephonethreats to discourage them in their work, orto have their private photographs circulated withouttheir consent or even doctored photo montagesshowing them in compromising positions. Identitythefts on Facebook have also multiplied.Policy and political backgroundIn 2006, the DRC organised its first democratic andtransparent elections in 40 years. Although the newconstitution adopted by referendum included, forthe first time in black and white, the principle ofequal male-female representation, the implementinglaw for this parity was not adopted in time toforce political parties to submit electoral lists withequal numbers of female and male candidates.The fact that in the DRC power is still perceivedto be in the hands of men and women are culturallyregarded as unsuitable for the public arena has alsohad an impact on the election of female politicians.In every election, they find it difficult to be accepted.Their personalities are sullied by falseaccusations, and the publication of compromisingphotographs and videos on the internet or viaBluetooth is a way of discouraging them and tarnishingtheir images in the minds of the Congoleseelectorate.With regard to privacy violations, Congoleselaws do not recognise the sanctity of personal mail,which may include email. The provisions of theCriminal Code stipulate that defamation is applicableif newspapers publish false information. Butin most cases, only influential people and politiciansgo beyond their right to respond and resortto the legal system to assert their rights. There isno provision in the law for the theft of data, whichfalls under misappropriation of goods belonging toanother person, as any type of fraud is classified bythe Criminal Code. In the case of publication withoutconsent, there is no real misappropriation asthe data still exists and is accessible to the owner.Sometimes, the data was given in good faith, but fora different purpose.Using technology to violate women’s rightsWith the increase in the number of internet usersand service abuses and owing to the easy accessprovided by mobile telephones, we are witnessingthe appearance of violence against women makinguse of these technologies.Telephones and applications that allow anonymityare used to frighten women. They arethreatened to discourage them from talking about“distressing” subjects. This is what happened tothree female radio journalists from Nord-Kivu whoprovided regular news coverage about women whohad been the victims of brutal and cruel rape in theeast of the country. They received threats to forcethem to stop tarnishing the image of the country.Most of the time, these women do not reportsuch acts because they do not know what to do insuch cases.Other women, often personalities from theworld of politics, journalism or business, regularlysee photographs of themselves circulated in photomontages of naked bodies in the sexual act. This isall to reduce them to what their detractors wrongly101 / Global Information Society Watch
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Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . .
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IntroductionJoanne SandlerGender at
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excluded. 9 And while recent data n
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ox 1In February 2009, intimate pict
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egime, increasing surveillance of t
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Accessing infrastructureMariama Dee
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figure 2.Share of individuals with
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figure 4.Share of where internet wa
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figure 7.Main reasons why individua
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A digital postcard urging people to
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and set the scene for a new point o
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activity, exhorting citizens to exe
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to citizens. 30 The situated experi
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Sexuality and the internetBruno Zil
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ally exclusive. Commercial sex is a
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Sometimes, strangers they meet onli
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Violence against women onlineJan Mo
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elated forms of VAW have become par
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Men often feel that they own their
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ConclusionAs Daroczi, Shevchenko, R
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Online disobedienceNadine MoawadAss
Page 49 and 50: mapping platform for sexual harassm
Page 51 and 52: 1800 1850 1900Maria Gaetana Agnesi(
Page 53 and 54: TodaySusan KareCreated the icons an
Page 55 and 56: Whose internet is it anyway?Shaping
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Page 61 and 62: Whose internet is it anyway?Shaping
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Page 69 and 70: Role of ICTs in the trafficking of
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Page 85 and 86: • Of the five MPCTs selected, two
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Page 97 and 98: colombiaWomen’s rights, gender an
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Page 103 and 104: CONGO, REPUBLIC OFWomen’s rights
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Page 121 and 122: Write Me In is a series of digital
Page 123 and 124: Online protests over “virginity t
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Page 131 and 132: Using ICTs in support of women’s
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Page 135 and 136: The skill of using modern technolog
Page 137 and 138: However, non-official surveys indic
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Page 145 and 146: Action stepsPaestum 2013Just before
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japanDealing with the backlash: Pro
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Akiko and teacher Nomaki Masako (wh
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Access to ICTs helps in the fulfilm
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ut the case was ultimately dismisse
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kenyaWomen and cyber crime in Kenya
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huge online following. Known as an
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Action steps• Lobby to have onlin
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For example, although the abovement
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In addition to the cases mentioned
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Two years later, when facing a simi
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NEPALPerspectives of Nepali women i
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Table 2.Women in technical position
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NetherlandsInternet, information an
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procure a safe medical abortion. Th
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NEW ZEALANDProposed new laws and th
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world. The gender inequalities play
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NIGERIAThe use of ICTs to express p
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the issue in the public eye until p
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PAKISTANShaping ICTs in Pakistan us
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with Pakistan’s internet ranking
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PERUWomen against violence: Using t
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een delays in the judicial response
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infrastructure, clear processes and
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employment. While science courses a
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One of the protesting organisations
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county libraries have been trained
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trained to be accustomed to gatheri
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ConclusionThe government of Rwanda
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a threat to the South African publi
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spainShaping the internet: Women’
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and up to 23% to 25% in industrial
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Economic activityAt the end of the
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Action stepsSwitzerland has ratifie
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• Conducting social campaigns and
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gender equality in the new constitu
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inheritance rights. However, in man
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thailandThai cyber sexuality: Liber
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Table 1.Selected examples of online
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ugandaUsing ICTs to create awarenes
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united statesThe flame war on women
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Council that addresses online haras
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Because of this the DWU became cons
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venezuelaICT and gender violence in
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company PDVSA 41 (2), the National
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This image from Pakistan captures t
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