gisw13_chapters

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has not been accompanied by strategies, policiesand specific initiatives that reduce genderinequalities.Depending on their use, ICTs may enhancewomen’s participation and strengthen their opinionsby stimulating their engagement in differentspaces. ICTs can also increase women’s capacitiesto perform in different realms. For this to be possible,training is needed in order to create awarenessof the power of the technologies and their possibleuses, including strategic uses for women with fewerresources.In this sense, ICTs are a challenge insofar asthey are a symbolic and political space, and key todevelopment and social justice. The active participationof women is fundamental for incorporatingtheir perspective and voice in new ongoing processes.Women’s participation causes them to becreators of different policies, with different waysof doing things, different ways of naming, differentplaces to talk and communicate, and different interactionsfor working and studying.Finally, the collective work of different actorsin this process – unions, public institutions andcivil society organisations – is key to the planningof processes which can take the shape of the concreteneeds of each group. While limited in scope,the training sessions are an example of the potentialof this type of actions if they are extended toother sectors through social organisations or publicpolicy.Action steps• From our analysis we conclude a need for thefollowing measures:• In order to face the new processes of exclusiongenerated by technological development, it isessential to promote unification between policiesfor the expansion, promotion and increaseduse of ICTs and policies that promote genderequality. Uruguayan public policies are not doingthis, thus awareness needs to be raised.• Public policies including a gender perspectiveshould be adopted by involving experts on genderissues or through joint dialogue and workwith the public offices responsible for the issue.• The initiatives must be designed consideringthe context, needs and specific demands ofwomen’s organisations. This requires the articulationof different actors – the state, unions andsocial organisations.• Further training workshops are needed in order tobuild, guide and continually support actions that reaffirmthe acquired knowledge and continue to enhancewomen’s capacities through the use of ICTs.• These could be repeated in similar fashion indifferent places in the interior of the countrybased on the existing infrastructure and institutions.■236 / Global Information Society Watch
venezuelaICT and gender violence in Venezuelan public institutionsEsLaRedSandra Lisdee Benítez Uzcáteguiwww.eslared.orgIntroductionThe following report analyses the current stateof the Venezuelan government’s public policiesregarding the rights of women and the use of informationand communications technologies (ICTs),and legal instruments that enable empowermentand gender equality in Venezuela. It also discussesthe discrimination against women in public institutionsand considers some incidents where the useof the internet and ICTs promoted gender violence– but likewise has created opportunities for citizenparticipation and women’s protest. Particularincidents are analysed, including citizens and publicofficials who were exposed to persecution forpolitical reasons and layoffs in various public agenciesbetween 2004 and 2013. It identifies cases of“mobbing” 1 in the period 2006-2010, and looks atthe impact of ICTs on these incidents. Finally, wedetermine some action steps towards recognisingwomen’s rights using ICTs and the internet, and lista series of recommendations to do with employmentdiscrimination against women in Venezuela.Legal frameworkIn Venezuela the state guarantees equality and equityfor women and men in the exercise of the rightto work. For instance, this is recognised in Article88 of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela, where fundamental human rights forwomen are enshrined, such as freedom, equality,life, safety and non-discrimination. Among the lawspassed impacting on women are the Organic Law onthe Right of Women to a Life Free of Violence, 2 theLaw on Violence Against Women and the Family, 3 theLaw on Equal Opportunities for Women, 4 the Politi-1 es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoso_laboral2 www.defensoria.gob.ve/dp/index.php/leyes-mujer-y-familia/13413 www.ventanalegal.com/leyes/ley_sobre_violencia_contra_mujer_familia.html4 www.defensoria.gob.ve/dp/index.php/leyes-mujer-y-familia/1345cal Participation Law, 5 the Social Security Law, 6 theOrganic Law on Labour and Workers (LOTTT), 7 andthe Organic Law on Work Conditions (LOPCYMAT), 8among others. The Ministry of Popular Power forWomen and Gender Equality 9 and the Ministry ofLabour and Social Security (MPPTSS) 10 have alsocreated institutions to ensure the safety and protectionof women: the National Women’s Institute(INAMUJER), 11 the National Office for the Defence ofWomen’s Rights, 12 the Women’s Development Bank, 13and the National Institute for Workplace Health andSafety (INPSASEL). 14 In 2013 new legislative developmentsare expected. 15 Meanwhile, Venezuelarecognises the Convention on the Elimination of AllForms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 16the Convention on the Prevention, Punishment andEradication of Violence against Women, and theBeijing Declaration, and has also signed numerousother international conventions, such as those introducedby the International Labour Organization(ILO). 17AnalysisIn Venezuela, public policies related to ICTs do notinclude a gender perspective, but there are tools thatfacilitate the inclusion of women in the work of thecountry, seen in the “visibility” 18 of women’s rights inthe legal framework and institutions presented above.However, the creation of laws and institutions alone isnot enough to ensure that women exercise their rights5 www.tsj.gov.ve/legislacion/LOSPP.htm6 www.inpsasel.gob.ve/moo_doc/ley_org_sis_seg_soc.pdf7 www.lottt.gob.ve/8 www.lottt.gob.ve/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/LOTTT-Gaceta-6.076.pdf9 www.minmujer.gob.ve/10 www.ine.gov.ve/index.php?option=com_content&id=176&Itemid=2011 www.minmujer.gob.ve/inamujer12 www.minmujer.gob.ve/inamujer/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=613 www.minmujer.gob.ve/banmujer/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=214 www.inpsasel.gob.ve15 generoconclase.blogspot.com/2013/05/fiscalia-solicita-antereforma-parcial.html16 www.cedaw2010.org17 www.actualidadlaboral.com.ve/documentos-legales/convenios-oitand www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/lang--es/index.htm18 www.razonypalabra.org.mx/anteriores/n55/mgonzalo.html237 / Global Information Society Watch
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Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . .
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IntroductionJoanne SandlerGender at
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excluded. 9 And while recent data n
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ox 1In February 2009, intimate pict
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egime, increasing surveillance of t
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Accessing infrastructureMariama Dee
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figure 2.Share of individuals with
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figure 4.Share of where internet wa
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figure 7.Main reasons why individua
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A digital postcard urging people to
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and set the scene for a new point o
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activity, exhorting citizens to exe
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to citizens. 30 The situated experi
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Sexuality and the internetBruno Zil
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ally exclusive. Commercial sex is a
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Sometimes, strangers they meet onli
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Violence against women onlineJan Mo
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elated forms of VAW have become par
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Men often feel that they own their
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ConclusionAs Daroczi, Shevchenko, R
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Online disobedienceNadine MoawadAss
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mapping platform for sexual harassm
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1800 1850 1900Maria Gaetana Agnesi(
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TodaySusan KareCreated the icons an
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Whose internet is it anyway?Shaping
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academic groundwork is needed, both
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empowered and disempowered by them.
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Whose internet is it anyway?Shaping
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Country reports
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P is for PIN: “The website works
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Crime of Trafficking, 9 which recei
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Role of ICTs in the trafficking of
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(1) If any person deliberately publ
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BOLIVIAPreventing digital violence
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Due to the popularity and widesprea
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a position of privilege.” 7 It be
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the councils that the spaces alone
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gradually become the primary field
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Sexuality in Communist Bulgaria”,
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• Of the five MPCTs selected, two
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• MPCT managers should regularly
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protest movement that has gained si
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to arise as to the evolving nature
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CHINAMicroblogs: An alternative, if
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domestic violence, and the exacting
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colombiaWomen’s rights, gender an
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• Women activists and human right
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CONGO, democratic republic ofOnline
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CONGO, REPUBLIC OFWomen’s rights
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The different uses of ICTs for wome
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cook islandsBalancing leadership: A
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and the Netherlands (38.7%). Of the
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costa ricaThe ICT sector requires t
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côte d’ivoireYasmina Ouégnin: A
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family expenses according to their
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was any kind of consultation before
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violence and violence against women
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Write Me In is a series of digital
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Online protests over “virginity t
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ethiopiaEmpowering women through IC
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the exchange take as much as 80% of
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indiaThe internet as a pathway for
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Using ICTs in support of women’s
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• Develop gender-sensitive techni
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The skill of using modern technolog
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However, non-official surveys indic
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iraqICTs and the fight against fema
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multimedia presentations in their v
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Both these groups emerged from the
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Action stepsPaestum 2013Just before
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in 2009. The Dunn et al. study foun
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end of the ICT spectrum, reflecting
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japanDealing with the backlash: Pro
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Akiko and teacher Nomaki Masako (wh
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Access to ICTs helps in the fulfilm
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ut the case was ultimately dismisse
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kenyaWomen and cyber crime in Kenya
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huge online following. Known as an
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Action steps• Lobby to have onlin
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For example, although the abovement
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In addition to the cases mentioned
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Two years later, when facing a simi
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NEPALPerspectives of Nepali women i
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Table 2.Women in technical position
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NetherlandsInternet, information an
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procure a safe medical abortion. Th
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NEW ZEALANDProposed new laws and th
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world. The gender inequalities play
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NIGERIAThe use of ICTs to express p
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Page 207 and 208: ConclusionThe government of Rwanda
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Page 219 and 220: • Conducting social campaigns and
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Page 225 and 226: thailandThai cyber sexuality: Liber
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Page 235: Because of this the DWU became cons
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Page 241: This image from Pakistan captures t
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