gisw13_chapters

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Even when the state has made efforts to strengthenlaws and institutions, implement policies to democratisethe use of the internet and defend againstgender violence, the weaknesses of the responsibleagencies and political conflicts hinder theenforcement of laws in the workplace, and impunityremains the norm.ConclusionsThe use of ICTs in Venezuela has opened a windowon the rights of women and expanded participationin various spheres of society. However, these spacesare also being threatened and used to damagethe integrity of women who hold various social andpolitical positions in the country. Similarly, womenare exposed to employers who unduly violate theprivacy of information, disclose information withoutauthorisation on social networks, and engage inharassment, threats and dismissals.Public policies regarding technology havebeen designed to democratise the use of ICTs andthe internet and develop literacy plans and programmesin the use of software and hardware. Butbeyond that, women have not yet appropriatedtechnologies in a way that is socially meaningfuland relevant. That is why it is important to incorporateICTs into the daily work of women, makingthem a useful tool to improve their quality of lifeand that of their community. Networking and informationdissemination, literacy programmesin the use of content, website management andtraining in collaborative tools (such as blogs,wikis, etc.) are important. Policies that defendagainst gender violence and encourage genderperspectives in the activities of both society andgovernment, among others, are needed to facilitatethe participation of women online.However, to achieve effective actions usingICTs, the government should create mechanisms toenable citizens to access data online as well as accurateand timely information on safety and securitymeasures that have been implemented, records ofdomestic violence cases (reported and managed bythe appropriate authorities), and gender statistics,among others. In this way, citizens, women’s groupsand NGOs can be vigilant in the battle against genderviolence and raise their voices to encourage theresponsible agencies to take action.Action steps• Government measures that are necessary include:a) Implement new policies and establishplans and training programmes in the useof ICT tools and content geared toward women.These should facilitate the appropriation oftechnology, encourage participation and defendthe rights of women; b) Evaluate and improvethe administrative procedures used byagencies such as INPSASEL and prosecutorsin the prosecution of allegations of domesticviolence in the interest of making these processesmore efficient; c) Take appropriate measuresin relation to cases of violations of thelaw that emerged in 2004 and 2013; d) Designand implement training plans for employeesand officials of the justice system, where theylearn about existing laws on violence againstwomen, gender issues and psychological andsocial aspects that influence the problem ofgender violence; e) Allocate sufficient budgetsfor the proper functioning of government institutionsand NGOs working to support victimsof violence, and f ) Reform and improve legislativeinstruments to ensure greater safety andsecurity for women.Citizens, civil society groups and NGOs need to: a)Join forces to raise complaints of gender violationsbefore the competent national and internationalcourts, and push for sanctions against those responsible;b) Require public bodies to be accountable toplans and policies for preventing and dealing withcases of violence against women; c) Demand thatthe government create online mechanisms for thepromotion and dissemination of plans and programmesfor the safety and protection of women. ■240 / Global Information Society Watch
This image from Pakistan captures the imagination: rainbow-coloured bangles, a barrage ofbooks balancing in the background, and in the foreground, a woman communicating. Whetherit is the search for information on sexuality and sexual health, information about shelters anddomestic violence, or just the quest to freely communicate beyond imposed domestic barriers,information technologies can be used to empower, educate and enrich women's lives. Fora colour reproduction of the image, please visit: www.giswatch.org241 / Global Information Society Watch
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Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . .
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IntroductionJoanne SandlerGender at
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excluded. 9 And while recent data n
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ox 1In February 2009, intimate pict
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egime, increasing surveillance of t
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Accessing infrastructureMariama Dee
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figure 2.Share of individuals with
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figure 4.Share of where internet wa
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figure 7.Main reasons why individua
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A digital postcard urging people to
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and set the scene for a new point o
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activity, exhorting citizens to exe
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to citizens. 30 The situated experi
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Sexuality and the internetBruno Zil
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ally exclusive. Commercial sex is a
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Sometimes, strangers they meet onli
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Violence against women onlineJan Mo
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elated forms of VAW have become par
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Men often feel that they own their
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ConclusionAs Daroczi, Shevchenko, R
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Online disobedienceNadine MoawadAss
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mapping platform for sexual harassm
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1800 1850 1900Maria Gaetana Agnesi(
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TodaySusan KareCreated the icons an
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Whose internet is it anyway?Shaping
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academic groundwork is needed, both
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empowered and disempowered by them.
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Whose internet is it anyway?Shaping
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Country reports
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P is for PIN: “The website works
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Crime of Trafficking, 9 which recei
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Role of ICTs in the trafficking of
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(1) If any person deliberately publ
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BOLIVIAPreventing digital violence
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Due to the popularity and widesprea
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a position of privilege.” 7 It be
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the councils that the spaces alone
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gradually become the primary field
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Sexuality in Communist Bulgaria”,
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• Of the five MPCTs selected, two
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• MPCT managers should regularly
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protest movement that has gained si
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to arise as to the evolving nature
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CHINAMicroblogs: An alternative, if
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domestic violence, and the exacting
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colombiaWomen’s rights, gender an
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• Women activists and human right
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CONGO, democratic republic ofOnline
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CONGO, REPUBLIC OFWomen’s rights
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The different uses of ICTs for wome
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cook islandsBalancing leadership: A
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and the Netherlands (38.7%). Of the
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costa ricaThe ICT sector requires t
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côte d’ivoireYasmina Ouégnin: A
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family expenses according to their
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was any kind of consultation before
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violence and violence against women
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Write Me In is a series of digital
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Online protests over “virginity t
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ethiopiaEmpowering women through IC
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the exchange take as much as 80% of
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indiaThe internet as a pathway for
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Using ICTs in support of women’s
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• Develop gender-sensitive techni
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The skill of using modern technolog
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However, non-official surveys indic
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iraqICTs and the fight against fema
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multimedia presentations in their v
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Both these groups emerged from the
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Action stepsPaestum 2013Just before
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in 2009. The Dunn et al. study foun
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end of the ICT spectrum, reflecting
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japanDealing with the backlash: Pro
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Akiko and teacher Nomaki Masako (wh
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Access to ICTs helps in the fulfilm
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ut the case was ultimately dismisse
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kenyaWomen and cyber crime in Kenya
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huge online following. Known as an
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Action steps• Lobby to have onlin
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For example, although the abovement
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In addition to the cases mentioned
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Two years later, when facing a simi
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NEPALPerspectives of Nepali women i
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Table 2.Women in technical position
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NetherlandsInternet, information an
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procure a safe medical abortion. Th
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NEW ZEALANDProposed new laws and th
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world. The gender inequalities play
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NIGERIAThe use of ICTs to express p
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the issue in the public eye until p
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PAKISTANShaping ICTs in Pakistan us
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