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evealed that women in Cameroon have greaterknowledge of the internet than men.Concerning mobile access, the survey foundthat women with similar income, education andemployment status are as likely as men to own amobile phone. It also found that although menspend more money on mobile phones, women withrevenue spend a greater share of their monthly incomeon mobile usage.Due to a lack of mobility and access to income,rural women are more likely to be deprived of accessto ICTs than rural men.We can see from this that there exist genderinequities in access to and usage of ICTs in ruralCameroon – and even urban Cameroon to some extent.These inequities cannot be addressed throughICT policies per se. There need to be policy interventionsin areas that would allow girls and womento enjoy the benefits of ICTs equally. For example,policies and programmes can be set up to incentivisethe education of girls, and particularly theirparticipation in subjects such as mathematics,science and engineering, as more girls in secondaryschool tend to orient themselves towards artssubjects because of the stereotypical mentality thatscience is for males and the arts are for females.Many of these barriers that women face are relatedto religious and cultural norms and practices thatare difficult to legislate away.ConclusionICTs in general and the internet in particular provideindividuals and communities with opportunities.They can also present solutions to social and economicoppression. Women and girls have beendiscriminated against for too long and the violenceagainst them encompasses all things that deny awoman the right to realise her potential for developmentbecause of gender. Examples of these rightsviolations include rape, forced marriage, pregnancyin underage children, female circumcision or genitalmutilation, sexual harassment at work, forced prostitution,honour killings, and child prostitution.In Cameroon, women constitute over 52% ofthe country’s 19.5 million inhabitants, 7 the greaterpercentage of them living in rural areas where theMPCTs have provided them with basic access to theinternet.Despite the emancipating potential of the internet,the PROTEGE QV survey noted that the fewwomen who use the telecentres are teachers andstudents. In rural Cameroon, women do not use theinternet to access critical information useful to supportthose that have been discriminated against.They have also not used the internet for informationthat could help them make decisions aboutthemselves, their lives, their bodies, or to exerciseautonomy or self-determination.The survey also suggested that women and girlshave not profited from their access to the internet inways such as using it to overcome cultural limitations,discuss the difficulties encountered in theirvarious communities, exchange experiences, shareideas, or provide mutual support.ICTs are powerful tools to denounce and reportvarious women’s rights violations. Women can usetheir mobile phones or laptops to send text messagesto groups, take photographs, or to reportcases of violations. 8 However, we learned fromCameroonian rural women that this has not beentheir experience so far, and has not been amongsttheir concerns. Overall, in rural Cameroon, womenand girls have, up to now, used the internet merelyfor educational purposes and to overcome limitationsin mobility. Mobile phones have broadenedtheir livelihood options and well-being. However,they have yet to experience all the opportunitiesthey can draw from their internet access to improvetheir daily lives, their general condition, orto promote their rights.Action stepsMPCTs are likely to play a vital role in rural Cameroonwhen it comes to the promotion of women’srights. Appropriately used and designed ICTs couldhelp otherwise vulnerable groups to move out ofthe disadvantage of “information exclusion”.To serve this purpose, we suggest the followingsteps:• The local authorities and the MPCT managersshould organise campaigns to reach the mostvulnerable sectors in their respective localitiesto let them know that information and servicesare available and intended for them and theirwell-being.• Free training campaigns targeting women’sgroups for the use and mastery of ICTs shouldbe organised on a regular basis.7 According to the results of the third general population andhousing census (GPHC) in 2010, Cameroon’s overall populationis estimated at 19,406,100 inhabitants, with a rural population of9,314,928 inhabitants, 4,745,697 of whom are women.8 Women’s Rights Programme, Association for ProgressiveCommunications (2012) Going Visible: Women’s Rightson the Internet. www.apc.org/en/pubs/going-visiblewomen%E2%80%99s-rights-internet86 / Global Information Society Watch
• MPCT managers should regularly update thecentres with information and advice, both inhardcopy and electronically on a centre’s website,on rural women’s concerns, and informationrelated to the protection of their rights.• Financial or technical assistance should be extendedto women to facilitate access to and appropriationof ICTs by providing credit, trainingand education to rural women in Cameroon. 9• The government should increase the numberof MPCTs as many in rural areas find them farfrom their home. The quality of their equipmentshould also be upgraded.• Groups of women leaders should be identifiedand trained on the use of ICTs. The samegroups will have to convince other women onhow the internet can bring to light the violationof their rights and represent a platform wherethey can converge to inform the public and thegovernment, and in turn, influence policy. ■9 APC (2006) Gender Evaluation Methodology for Internet and ICTs:A Learning Tool for Change and Empowerment. www.apc.org/en/node/283587 / Global Information Society Watch
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Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . .
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IntroductionJoanne SandlerGender at
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excluded. 9 And while recent data n
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ox 1In February 2009, intimate pict
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egime, increasing surveillance of t
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Accessing infrastructureMariama Dee
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figure 2.Share of individuals with
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figure 4.Share of where internet wa
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figure 7.Main reasons why individua
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A digital postcard urging people to
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and set the scene for a new point o
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activity, exhorting citizens to exe
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to citizens. 30 The situated experi
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Sexuality and the internetBruno Zil
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ally exclusive. Commercial sex is a
Page 36 and 37: Sometimes, strangers they meet onli
Page 38 and 39: Violence against women onlineJan Mo
Page 40 and 41: elated forms of VAW have become par
Page 42 and 43: Men often feel that they own their
Page 45 and 46: ConclusionAs Daroczi, Shevchenko, R
Page 47 and 48: Online disobedienceNadine MoawadAss
Page 49 and 50: mapping platform for sexual harassm
Page 51 and 52: 1800 1850 1900Maria Gaetana Agnesi(
Page 53 and 54: TodaySusan KareCreated the icons an
Page 55 and 56: Whose internet is it anyway?Shaping
Page 57 and 58: academic groundwork is needed, both
Page 59 and 60: empowered and disempowered by them.
Page 61 and 62: Whose internet is it anyway?Shaping
Page 63 and 64: Country reports
Page 65 and 66: P is for PIN: “The website works
Page 67 and 68: Crime of Trafficking, 9 which recei
Page 69 and 70: Role of ICTs in the trafficking of
Page 71 and 72: (1) If any person deliberately publ
Page 73 and 74: BOLIVIAPreventing digital violence
Page 75 and 76: Due to the popularity and widesprea
Page 77 and 78: a position of privilege.” 7 It be
Page 79 and 80: the councils that the spaces alone
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Page 83 and 84: Sexuality in Communist Bulgaria”,
Page 85: • Of the five MPCTs selected, two
Page 89 and 90: protest movement that has gained si
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Page 93 and 94: CHINAMicroblogs: An alternative, if
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Page 97 and 98: colombiaWomen’s rights, gender an
Page 99 and 100: • Women activists and human right
Page 101 and 102: CONGO, democratic republic ofOnline
Page 103 and 104: CONGO, REPUBLIC OFWomen’s rights
Page 105 and 106: The different uses of ICTs for wome
Page 107 and 108: cook islandsBalancing leadership: A
Page 109 and 110: and the Netherlands (38.7%). Of the
Page 111 and 112: costa ricaThe ICT sector requires t
Page 113 and 114: côte d’ivoireYasmina Ouégnin: A
Page 115 and 116: family expenses according to their
Page 117 and 118: was any kind of consultation before
Page 119 and 120: violence and violence against women
Page 121 and 122: Write Me In is a series of digital
Page 123 and 124: Online protests over “virginity t
Page 125 and 126: ethiopiaEmpowering women through IC
Page 127 and 128: the exchange take as much as 80% of
Page 129 and 130: indiaThe internet as a pathway for
Page 131 and 132: Using ICTs in support of women’s
Page 133 and 134: • Develop gender-sensitive techni
Page 135 and 136: The skill of using modern technolog
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However, non-official surveys indic
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iraqICTs and the fight against fema
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multimedia presentations in their v
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Both these groups emerged from the
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Action stepsPaestum 2013Just before
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in 2009. The Dunn et al. study foun
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end of the ICT spectrum, reflecting
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japanDealing with the backlash: Pro
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Akiko and teacher Nomaki Masako (wh
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Access to ICTs helps in the fulfilm
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ut the case was ultimately dismisse
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kenyaWomen and cyber crime in Kenya
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huge online following. Known as an
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Action steps• Lobby to have onlin
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For example, although the abovement
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In addition to the cases mentioned
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Two years later, when facing a simi
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NEPALPerspectives of Nepali women i
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Table 2.Women in technical position
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NetherlandsInternet, information an
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procure a safe medical abortion. Th
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NEW ZEALANDProposed new laws and th
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world. The gender inequalities play
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NIGERIAThe use of ICTs to express p
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the issue in the public eye until p
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PAKISTANShaping ICTs in Pakistan us
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with Pakistan’s internet ranking
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PERUWomen against violence: Using t
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een delays in the judicial response
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infrastructure, clear processes and
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employment. While science courses a
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One of the protesting organisations
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county libraries have been trained
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trained to be accustomed to gatheri
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ConclusionThe government of Rwanda
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a threat to the South African publi
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spainShaping the internet: Women’
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and up to 23% to 25% in industrial
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Economic activityAt the end of the
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Action stepsSwitzerland has ratifie
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• Conducting social campaigns and
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gender equality in the new constitu
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inheritance rights. However, in man
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thailandThai cyber sexuality: Liber
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Table 1.Selected examples of online
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ugandaUsing ICTs to create awarenes
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united statesThe flame war on women
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Council that addresses online haras
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Because of this the DWU became cons
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venezuelaICT and gender violence in
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company PDVSA 41 (2), the National
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This image from Pakistan captures t
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