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with all my life. If I have five children you willrealise from my situation…” And then she beganto cry. The workshop was extremely intense,not only for them, for me too, despite havingworked on these issues. But, of course, these issuesare much more complicated in reality. Thatwas just on the first day. 7Women, asking women about their lives, trying tounravel the complex web of individual and socialexperiences, making them visible in a society thathas systematically refused to recognise this complexity.And it still does not recognise it. But thesurvey revealed some very complex and alarmingsituations.Amongst the most troubling findings is that inEcuador, six out of ten women have experiencedsome form of violence, whether physical, psychological,sexual or related to property and assets. 8While it was revealed that one out of fourwomen has experienced some form of sexualviolence, the most recurrent form of violence ispsychological, which reinforces the existence ofa social and cultural problem. Restrictions facedby women mean that such violence is difficult toverify, punish or treat. The survey also revealedthat this is the case regardless of ethnic selfidentification,income and even educational level:52.8% of women with graduate degrees have sufferedsome form of violence. And despite this, orperhaps because of it, only 20.6% of cases resultin formal complaints.The most widely shared story from the researchwas the case of Karina del Pozo. It isbelieved that this young woman was raped andmurdered by men she knew, and her murderwas described as a case of femicide. While inEcuador there is no specific criminalisation ofthis type of crime (differentiated, that is, fromhomicide), since October 2011, and coincidingwith the start of the survey, people started usingthe term femicide for the first time in messagesposted on Twitter from Ecuadorian accounts. Accordingto the website Topsy, which specialises insocial network analysis, before October 2011 thehashtag #femicide had not been used in Ecuador.However, its use reached a peak between Februaryand March 2013, coinciding with the spreadof the Karina del Pozo case. Over 100 messageswere written, while the hashtag #KarinadelPozowas retweeted 15,000 times.It is safe to assume that this, and all the othercases that became visible after it, have allowedthe issue of femicide to enter the Ecuadorian imaginary,and helped gather support for a proposalto include this specific type of crime in the CriminalCode. Prior to the survey, this kind of proposalwould have been more difficult and met with greaterresistance.ConclusionsThe conclusion of this experience, which is stillongoing, is that information is a scarce andmuch-needed resource. It can change collectivebehaviour and perception, and support the possibilityof reconstructing an image of a society andits culture. The legitimacy of the information is important.In this case the survey was lent legitimacythrough its design, its multisectoral support andinput, and the implementation process. The kindof pressure exerted through these platforms can,at least as shown in the case of Ecuador, lead todiscussion of a dark side of the reality and identityof nations, and to beginning to recognise problemsthat are hidden under very strong and capableformer customs, labels, recriminations and socialsanctions.Action stepsIt is necessary not only to spread these socialdiscussions through media platforms, but to encourageactivists, organisations and the public ingeneral to demand more information from institutions,exercising the right of access to information.It is also necessary for people to ask questionsabout themselves, of their own behaviours thatthey feel are “natural”, to be critical and to transformas a human collective. ■7 Interview with Alba Pérez, 19 April 2013.8 “The gender asset gap in Latin America with respect to ownershipof land is significant. In few countries do women constituteeven one-quarter of the landowners. Gender inequality inland ownership is related to male preference in inheritance,male privilege in marriage, male bias in community and stateprogrammes of land distribution as well as gender bias in the landmarket, with women less likely than men to be successful buyers.”Deere, C. D. and León, M. (2003) The Gender Asset Gap: Land inLatin America, World Development, 31(6), p. 925-947.120 / Global Information Society Watch
Write Me In is a series of digital postcards created by women expressing how respect for universalhuman rights has an impact upon them. In this powerful postcard, a woman says thatfreedom of expression is vital for her, as she searches for information about abortion. Withover 20 million women having unsafe abortions each year, and 47,000 of these ending in thepregnant woman's death, access to information on abortions can save women's lives. For acolour reproduction of the image, please visit: www.giswatch.org121 / Global Information Society Watch
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Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . .
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IntroductionJoanne SandlerGender at
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excluded. 9 And while recent data n
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ox 1In February 2009, intimate pict
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egime, increasing surveillance of t
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Accessing infrastructureMariama Dee
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figure 2.Share of individuals with
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figure 4.Share of where internet wa
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figure 7.Main reasons why individua
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A digital postcard urging people to
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and set the scene for a new point o
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activity, exhorting citizens to exe
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to citizens. 30 The situated experi
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Sexuality and the internetBruno Zil
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ally exclusive. Commercial sex is a
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Sometimes, strangers they meet onli
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Violence against women onlineJan Mo
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elated forms of VAW have become par
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Men often feel that they own their
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ConclusionAs Daroczi, Shevchenko, R
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Online disobedienceNadine MoawadAss
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mapping platform for sexual harassm
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1800 1850 1900Maria Gaetana Agnesi(
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TodaySusan KareCreated the icons an
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Whose internet is it anyway?Shaping
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academic groundwork is needed, both
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empowered and disempowered by them.
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Whose internet is it anyway?Shaping
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Country reports
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P is for PIN: “The website works
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Crime of Trafficking, 9 which recei
Page 69 and 70: Role of ICTs in the trafficking of
Page 71 and 72: (1) If any person deliberately publ
Page 73 and 74: BOLIVIAPreventing digital violence
Page 75 and 76: Due to the popularity and widesprea
Page 77 and 78: a position of privilege.” 7 It be
Page 79 and 80: the councils that the spaces alone
Page 81 and 82: gradually become the primary field
Page 83 and 84: Sexuality in Communist Bulgaria”,
Page 85 and 86: • Of the five MPCTs selected, two
Page 87 and 88: • MPCT managers should regularly
Page 89 and 90: protest movement that has gained si
Page 91 and 92: to arise as to the evolving nature
Page 93 and 94: CHINAMicroblogs: An alternative, if
Page 95 and 96: domestic violence, and the exacting
Page 97 and 98: colombiaWomen’s rights, gender an
Page 99 and 100: • Women activists and human right
Page 101 and 102: CONGO, democratic republic ofOnline
Page 103 and 104: CONGO, REPUBLIC OFWomen’s rights
Page 105 and 106: The different uses of ICTs for wome
Page 107 and 108: cook islandsBalancing leadership: A
Page 109 and 110: and the Netherlands (38.7%). Of the
Page 111 and 112: costa ricaThe ICT sector requires t
Page 113 and 114: côte d’ivoireYasmina Ouégnin: A
Page 115 and 116: family expenses according to their
Page 117 and 118: was any kind of consultation before
Page 119: violence and violence against women
Page 123 and 124: Online protests over “virginity t
Page 125 and 126: ethiopiaEmpowering women through IC
Page 127 and 128: the exchange take as much as 80% of
Page 129 and 130: indiaThe internet as a pathway for
Page 131 and 132: Using ICTs in support of women’s
Page 133 and 134: • Develop gender-sensitive techni
Page 135 and 136: The skill of using modern technolog
Page 137 and 138: However, non-official surveys indic
Page 139 and 140: iraqICTs and the fight against fema
Page 141 and 142: multimedia presentations in their v
Page 143 and 144: Both these groups emerged from the
Page 145 and 146: Action stepsPaestum 2013Just before
Page 147 and 148: in 2009. The Dunn et al. study foun
Page 149 and 150: end of the ICT spectrum, reflecting
Page 151 and 152: japanDealing with the backlash: Pro
Page 153 and 154: Akiko and teacher Nomaki Masako (wh
Page 155 and 156: Access to ICTs helps in the fulfilm
Page 157 and 158: ut the case was ultimately dismisse
Page 159 and 160: kenyaWomen and cyber crime in Kenya
Page 161 and 162: huge online following. Known as an
Page 163 and 164: Action steps• Lobby to have onlin
Page 165 and 166: For example, although the abovement
Page 167 and 168: In addition to the cases mentioned
Page 169 and 170: Two years later, when facing a simi
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NEPALPerspectives of Nepali women i
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Table 2.Women in technical position
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NetherlandsInternet, information an
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procure a safe medical abortion. Th
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NEW ZEALANDProposed new laws and th
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world. The gender inequalities play
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NIGERIAThe use of ICTs to express p
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the issue in the public eye until p
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PAKISTANShaping ICTs in Pakistan us
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with Pakistan’s internet ranking
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PERUWomen against violence: Using t
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een delays in the judicial response
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infrastructure, clear processes and
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employment. While science courses a
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One of the protesting organisations
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county libraries have been trained
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trained to be accustomed to gatheri
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ConclusionThe government of Rwanda
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a threat to the South African publi
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spainShaping the internet: Women’
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and up to 23% to 25% in industrial
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Economic activityAt the end of the
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Action stepsSwitzerland has ratifie
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• Conducting social campaigns and
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gender equality in the new constitu
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inheritance rights. However, in man
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thailandThai cyber sexuality: Liber
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Table 1.Selected examples of online
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ugandaUsing ICTs to create awarenes
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united statesThe flame war on women
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Council that addresses online haras
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Because of this the DWU became cons
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venezuelaICT and gender violence in
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company PDVSA 41 (2), the National
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This image from Pakistan captures t
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