gisw13_chapters

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various cultural barriers limit the opportunities forwomen to access ICTs, including harassment, workoverload (particularly in rural areas) and genderedperceptions in relation to the use of certain ICTs.Given the key role of women both in household foodsecurity and in improving agricultural productivity,ICT-for-agriculture interventions should include explicitstrategies for assuring access by women, andfor strengthening the information, communicationand networking resources of women. Therefore, inaddition to economic empowerment, it is of paramountimportance from the policy perspective toensure the implementation of the various legislativeinstruments adopted by the government tosafeguard the equal rights of women and men – toaccelerate equitable participation in society and theeconomy by all.Action stepsIn the framework of the guiding principles of Ethiopia’sICT policy, it is noted that the policy seeks toensure unhindered access to ICTs, and that genderinequalities shall be gradually eliminated by buildingthe capacity of women and girls in the use of ICTs.To this effect, one of the pillars of the policy is ICTand education, which aims to ensure that ICTs are anintegral part of education and training at all levels.One of the strategies to achieve this is developingspecial ICT training programmes for women – andgroups such as people with disabilities – in orderto address gender and social inequalities. To thisend, it is of paramount importance for the Ministryof Communications and Information Technology tostart implementing this strategy. This is needed bothin order to achieve the government’s commitmentsin ensuring women’s rights, and to enable womento play an active role in the social and economicspheres, thereby accelerating economic growth.It is noted that women’s contribution in the agriculturesector is greater than men’s, particularlyin post-harvest activities. It is therefore importantthat the ECX provide special support to women,particularly in rural areas, to ensure their equal accessto market information. These measures couldinclude working with networks of community ICT accesspoints, both to create awareness on the use ofmobile- and internet-based services and to enablewomen to use these services. ■128 / Global Information Society Watch
indiaThe internet as a pathway for women’s empowerment in IndiaDigital Empowerment FoundationRitu Srivastava and Osama Manzardefindia.netIntroduction“Equal access to participation and decision makingby women in the social, political and economiclife of the nation,” states the National Policy for theEmpowerment of Women presented by the Ministryof Women and Child Development in 2001. 1 But thetruth is that women in India are still struggling ina male-dominated culture despite various effortsmade by a number of organisations to introducegender equality in the society.According to the National Crime Records Bureau,a total of 244,270 incidents of crime againstwomen were reported in 2012 compared to 228,650in 2011 – an increase of 6.4% during 2012. 2 But thesecrimes are not limited to the offline environment.For example, a well-known journalist and prominentface on Indian television news, Sagarika Ghose,was threatened online on her Twitter account. 3 Asimilar online attack was experienced by KavitaKrishnan, secretary of the All India ProgressiveWomen’s Association and a prominent Delhi-basedwomen’s activist, during a recent online discussionon violence against women on Rediff.com. 4 Writerand activist Meena Kandasamy chose to file a policecomplaint when she faced online abuse via Twitterin connection with a beef-eating festival at OsmaniaUniversity in the city of Hyderabad. She was threatenedwith “live-telecasted gang-rape and beingtorched alive and acid attacks.” 5On 18 November 2012, two girls in Mumbaiwere arrested by police over their Facebook postafter they questioned the shutdown of the city dueto the death of local politician Bal Thackeray. Theywere arrested under Article 66A of the Information1 wcd.nic.in/empwomen.htm2 ncrb.gov.in/CD-CII2012/cii-2012/Chapter%205.pdf3 www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-223783664 articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-05/socialmedia/39041682_1_sexual-abuse-menendez-case-non-workingwomen5 kafila.org/2012/04/22/nwmi-condemns-the-violent-abuse-ofmeena-kandasamy/Technology Act (IT Act). 6 According to the act, “(a)any information that is grossly offensive or has amenacing character; or (b) any information which[is known to be] false, [and distributed for] the purposeof causing annoyance, inconvenience, danger,obstruction, insult, injury, criminal intimidation,enmity, hatred or ill will…” can be punishable withimprisonment for a term which may extend to threeyears or with a fine. 7Information and communications technologies(ICTs) have been identified as a potential tool to empowerwomen and to promote democratic values.But social media have become an easy platformfor online violence, reflecting the worst instinctsof gender inequality. Empowering women from allclasses must be ensured at any cost.InequalityThe United Nations report Women 2000 and Beyond:Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Womenthrough ICT 8 not only highlights the potential of ICTsas a tool for the promotion of gender equality andthe empowerment of women, but also identifies the“gender divide” – that is, the lower number of womenaccessing and using ICTs compared with men.Women represent 48% of the Indian population, 9but India is one of the lowest performing countriesaccording to the UNDP’s Gender Inequality Index, 10ranking 132 out of 186 countries – worse than Pakistan(123) and Bangladesh (111). Interestingly, Indiahas been the fastest growing internet market, addingover 18 million users with a growth rate of 41%,but women comprise just 17% of total internet users,according to the 2007 Internet in India (I-Cube)report, 11 revealing a major gender gap.In Indian society, disparity between men andwomen is blatantly glaring economically and social-6 indiatoday.intoday.in/story/2-mumbai-girls-in-jail-for-tweetagainst-bal-thackeray/1/229846.html7 cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/breaking-down-section-66-a-of-the-it-act8 www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/W2000andBeyond.html9 www.tradingeconomics.com/india/population-female-percent-oftotal-wb-data.html10 www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/In-the-News-2013/UNDP_India_in_the_news_1503201317.pdf11 www.iamai.in/upload/research/11720111091101/icube_3nov11_56.pdf129 / Global Information Society Watch
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Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . .
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IntroductionJoanne SandlerGender at
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excluded. 9 And while recent data n
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ox 1In February 2009, intimate pict
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egime, increasing surveillance of t
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Accessing infrastructureMariama Dee
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figure 2.Share of individuals with
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figure 4.Share of where internet wa
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figure 7.Main reasons why individua
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A digital postcard urging people to
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and set the scene for a new point o
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activity, exhorting citizens to exe
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to citizens. 30 The situated experi
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Sexuality and the internetBruno Zil
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ally exclusive. Commercial sex is a
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Sometimes, strangers they meet onli
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Violence against women onlineJan Mo
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elated forms of VAW have become par
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Men often feel that they own their
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ConclusionAs Daroczi, Shevchenko, R
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Online disobedienceNadine MoawadAss
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mapping platform for sexual harassm
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1800 1850 1900Maria Gaetana Agnesi(
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TodaySusan KareCreated the icons an
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Whose internet is it anyway?Shaping
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academic groundwork is needed, both
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empowered and disempowered by them.
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Whose internet is it anyway?Shaping
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Country reports
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P is for PIN: “The website works
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Crime of Trafficking, 9 which recei
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Role of ICTs in the trafficking of
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(1) If any person deliberately publ
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BOLIVIAPreventing digital violence
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Due to the popularity and widesprea
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Page 81 and 82: gradually become the primary field
Page 83 and 84: Sexuality in Communist Bulgaria”,
Page 85 and 86: • Of the five MPCTs selected, two
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Page 89 and 90: protest movement that has gained si
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Page 93 and 94: CHINAMicroblogs: An alternative, if
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Page 97 and 98: colombiaWomen’s rights, gender an
Page 99 and 100: • Women activists and human right
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Page 103 and 104: CONGO, REPUBLIC OFWomen’s rights
Page 105 and 106: The different uses of ICTs for wome
Page 107 and 108: cook islandsBalancing leadership: A
Page 109 and 110: and the Netherlands (38.7%). Of the
Page 111 and 112: costa ricaThe ICT sector requires t
Page 113 and 114: côte d’ivoireYasmina Ouégnin: A
Page 115 and 116: family expenses according to their
Page 117 and 118: was any kind of consultation before
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Page 121 and 122: Write Me In is a series of digital
Page 123 and 124: Online protests over “virginity t
Page 125 and 126: ethiopiaEmpowering women through IC
Page 127: the exchange take as much as 80% of
Page 131 and 132: Using ICTs in support of women’s
Page 133 and 134: • Develop gender-sensitive techni
Page 135 and 136: The skill of using modern technolog
Page 137 and 138: However, non-official surveys indic
Page 139 and 140: iraqICTs and the fight against fema
Page 141 and 142: multimedia presentations in their v
Page 143 and 144: Both these groups emerged from the
Page 145 and 146: Action stepsPaestum 2013Just before
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Page 149 and 150: end of the ICT spectrum, reflecting
Page 151 and 152: japanDealing with the backlash: Pro
Page 153 and 154: Akiko and teacher Nomaki Masako (wh
Page 155 and 156: Access to ICTs helps in the fulfilm
Page 157 and 158: ut the case was ultimately dismisse
Page 159 and 160: kenyaWomen and cyber crime in Kenya
Page 161 and 162: huge online following. Known as an
Page 163 and 164: Action steps• Lobby to have onlin
Page 165 and 166: For example, although the abovement
Page 167 and 168: In addition to the cases mentioned
Page 169 and 170: Two years later, when facing a simi
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NEW ZEALANDProposed new laws and th
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world. The gender inequalities play
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NIGERIAThe use of ICTs to express p
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the issue in the public eye until p
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PAKISTANShaping ICTs in Pakistan us
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with Pakistan’s internet ranking
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PERUWomen against violence: Using t
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een delays in the judicial response
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infrastructure, clear processes and
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employment. While science courses a
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One of the protesting organisations
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county libraries have been trained
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trained to be accustomed to gatheri
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ConclusionThe government of Rwanda
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a threat to the South African publi
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spainShaping the internet: Women’
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and up to 23% to 25% in industrial
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Economic activityAt the end of the
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Action stepsSwitzerland has ratifie
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• Conducting social campaigns and
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gender equality in the new constitu
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inheritance rights. However, in man
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thailandThai cyber sexuality: Liber
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Table 1.Selected examples of online
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ugandaUsing ICTs to create awarenes
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united statesThe flame war on women
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Council that addresses online haras
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Because of this the DWU became cons
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venezuelaICT and gender violence in
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company PDVSA 41 (2), the National
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This image from Pakistan captures t
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