elligerent nation calls its own army to account for transgressions against the enemy. In mynovel Cold Days, written in 1960, I related the story of the atrocities committed in Novi Sad inorder to clear our consciences by sincerely revealing our own mistakes.The three "Cold Days" were followed by "freezing weeks" in the whole territory ofVOJVODINA in 1944, when the Serbians brutally massacred about 40,000 Hungarian civilians,the overwhelming majority of them innocent beyond any doubt, in10revenge of the execution of 3,000 suspected Szerbian partisans.. The commander-in-chief of the partisan army, Marshal Tito, as far as we know, did not giveany expressed written command to butcher the Hungarians in Bacska. He did condon andapparently orally directed his partisans in the whole territory of Yugoslavia - includingVojvodina - to revenge all "injustices" suffered by partisans and Serbians during the four yearsof the war. In other words, where a stream of blood flowed in 1942, a torrent of blood shouldgush in 1944.In the course of the partisans three-year struggle for self-defence against the Nazis, butmainly against royalist chetniks and independence seeking Croats, homicidal traditionssmouldering under the ashes ever since the Middle Ages were revived, enriching the variousmanners of death with numerous cruel novelties. While the Hungarian military justice executedthe condemned one by one, the Serbian partisans bound ten or fifteen people with wire and killedthem with a round offirearms. They had lined them up in front of the previously dug common graves so that theywould only have to bury them with the earth that they themselves had dug from the pit. Whereasthe sentence of Hungarian summary courts was hanging or shooting, the Serbian partisans killedtheir victims after various forms of torture. Sometimes they bound together ten or more men in acircle around a straw or hay stack, then set fire to the stack. The victims dragged each other intothe flames, they all burnt alive. Elsewhere, the captives were tortured before execution bywalking barefoot over a carpet of glowing embers several metres long. Where the captors hadenough time, they tore off all twenty nails of the victims with pliers. The enjoyment of seeingthem suffer was enhanced if they went to a nearby smithy to make the tools red hot on theforge. Wherever they were able to find coal, they took the opportunity of roasting the victimsalive. When they skinned somebody alive - usually prominent people who had to be punishedprominently, a well-to-do burgomaster, lawyer or physician -, even some of the partisan womenwere on the verge of fainting, as numerous women also took part in these brutalities.They were especially cruel to priests and monks. In most cases, they stripped them nakedand cut a strap in the shape of a cross from their backs. Then, for the sake of the toughestpartisan women, they started to deal with their genitals, tearing their testicles with pliers, cuttingoff the penis. If there was a forge nearby, they burnt the penis of clergymen with red hot iron,repeating the torture for several days. Modern sawmills also gave ideas for new methods ofkilling.11
Mutilation of the hands or feet with large circular saws was an example of murder with long andexcruciating pain. Once the guiltless owner of the sawmill stayed home with all of his family.The troop, punishing without formal sentence, bound all the family to the sawing-bench, andstarted the machine that cut the man, the woman and the children into two.Here we should stop to rest after enumerating these horrors, but we must mention anothermethod of killing, the medieval or even older tradition of impalement. The last recorded instanceof impalement took place in 1907 in Rumania. That is how Rumanian royal law punished theleaders of the peasant's uprising. Serbia was the only place that still had some "experts" in the arteven in 1944. These experts were impaling executioners who preserved the "tradition" of theform of execution causing the greatest possible suffering, as described below:A pale more than three meters long must be peeled smooth. It must have an iron tip and itshould be made slippery with grease. The victim is laid flat on his belly and his torturers step onhis shoulders and his bottom so that he would not be able to move. They put a loop on both ofhis ankles and the two executioner's assistants pull his legs in opposite directions. The chiefexecutioner cuts the trousers on the thighs with his sharp knife, not sparing live flesh. Then hefits the tip of the pale covered with iron into the anus, paying attention to set it in a way that thepale goes along the spine, not touching the heart, so that the victim will suffer long enough. Thenhe takes a club and hammers the pale in the marked direction, while his aids pull the body ontothe pale by the ankles. The tip of the pale should come out behind the clavicle. At this moment,they put the paled man into the formerly dug ditch and it is the triumph of the executioner andthe delighted audience if the man groans on the pale for several hours...12HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTSThe Hungarians occupied the Carpathian basin at the end of the 9th century. At thattime, the territory of the present Vojvodina was settled sparsely by Bulgarians, but they soonmerged with the Hungarian population. The immigration of Serbians started in the 15th century.As a consequence of the more and more threatening attacks of the Turks, the Hungarian kingSigismund signed a contract in 1426 with Istvan Lazarevic, the Serbian vojvode, declaring theSerb his vassal. The southern Hungarian population started to move northward, fleeing fromTurkish attacks, and fleeing Serbians took this territory. In a mere four years, between 1479 and
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28. Jozsef Pasztor, 34 56. Albert G
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The OZNA officer, who exhumed a mas
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7917 year old Karoly and 8 year old
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82FROM SZENTFULOP TO THE GAKOVA CAM
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My mother died on January 4, 1946.
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Jozsi, the leader of our committee
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his own grave, then machine gunned
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driving a wheelbarrow on the sidewa
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"Now that's exactly what we needed
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15 Istvan Polyakovics, Zenta, 18861
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idge was built (from several rows o
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There is a common opinion among the
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The Catholics of the village were o
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and their supporters. On one occasi
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"My younger brother, Bandi, was tak
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two young instructors staying in he
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In Tunderes (Vilova) there was no o
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weeks spent starving, laying on str
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121PACSERAt Pacser sixteen Serbians
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piece of land, there are three rows
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"I understood that through the OZNA
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took the priest under their protect
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"We set off from Hadikliget on Octo
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everyone to the front! The Party us
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137REPORT OF LOSSESIn addition to o
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141Source: Zlocini okupatora u Vojv
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well as in words, that there had be
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The American military forces delive
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culpability or participation are th
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The accused did not make use of his
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the spirit of revenge among the Hun
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considered all the claims of Hungar
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The People's Court of Budapest just
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From then on all hell breaks loose.
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Recommended readingeRudolf Kiszlion