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Appendix G: useful formulaeSimpsons: Area = d (h 1 + 4h 2 = 2h 3 + 4h 4 ...... = 2h n−2 + 4h n−1 + h n )3where n is an odd numberTrapezoidal: Area =d (h1 + 2h 2 + 2h 3 ...... = 2h n−2 + h n )2Mean ordinate: Area = Σd (h 1 + h 2 + h 3 ...... h n−1 + h n )nArea = 1 [(x 2 − x 1 )(y 2 + y 1 ) + (x 3 − x 2 )(y 3 + y 2 ) +.....(x n − x n−1 )(y n + y n−1 ) + (x 1 − x n )(y 1 + y n )]2CIRIA C709137