Jim Marrs - PSI Spies - Amazon S3

74PSI SpiesMeta-analysis is a term coined by University of Coloradopsychologist Gene Glass to describe a technique of gainingan overview of any particular subject by combining separateexperiments into one.Harvard University’s Robert Rosenthal used meta-analysiseffectively in his studies of interpersonal expectancy effects,which is the tendency for investigators in psychological studiesto unconsciously bias a subject’s responses. In otherwords, an investigator may gain the answer he or she seeksby the way a question is presented.Meta-analysis has been applied to both the historicalrecord and to the many psychic experiments of recent years. 4And although most effects of these experiments appear tobe weak—recall that researchers have long stated that psisignals are easily drown out by our strong sensory signals—nevertheless meta-analysis gives support to the psychicexperience. Broughton wrote, “[S]everal lines of parapsychologicalresearch are undoubtedly producing consistent,reliable effects that cannot be attributed to chance, poor methodology,or the vagaries of a few experimenters or unusualstudies.” 5It was meta-analysis that, in 1985, enabled Honorton toovercome the arguments of one of his chief critics, psychologistRay Hyman. That year, in a debate sponsored by theJournal of Parapsychology, Hyman attacked Honorton’s databaseof the success rate for ESP research. ClaimingHonorton’s figures were a gross overestimate of the successrate, Hyman presented his own statistical analysis, which purportedto show that the Ganzfeld experiments with the greatestflaws were the very ones exhibiting the best ESP scores.