RMZ â MATERIALI IN GEOOKOLJE

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424 Adewale, A., Olawale, O. O., Martins, O. M.Figures 4 and 5 present the ERT rawdata, calculated pseudosection and 2-dinverted resistivity data across the fieldalong the E-W profile. The plot alsodelineates the high resistivity layer tobe tar impregnated. This agrees withVES results and borehole information.Sedimentological Analyses ResultsThe mechanical sieve analysis gave anaverage grain size distribution of thereservoir sand to range from ф = 0.03–0.55 mm, which indicates a medium tocoarse sands. The skewness of the reservoirsand was determined to rangesfrom –0.58–0.47, indicating stronglycoarse to strongly fine skewed according(Folk, 1974). This result definesa high energy of deposition at Ebute,Shofini and Bakue, but lower at Gbegude,thus accounting for the 2.5 % offines in its composition. The sortingof the reservoir sands ranges in valuesfrom ф = 0.82 mm (moderately sorted)to ф = 1.63 mm (poorly sorted) accordingto Folks`1974 classification, whilethe percentage of fines collected werecomposed of silt and kaolinitic claysin the range of 1–3 %. The summaryof the granulometric analyses results ispresented in table 2.Depth of occurrence of the tar sanddeposits affects the volume of voidsas well as the precipitation of bitumenduring migration by fines due to geopetalaccumulation (Lomando, 1986and 1992; Dutton & Finley, 1988)which has the tendency to result in areduction of pore throats and porosity.The moderate to high porosity valuesobtained for the reservoir sands, whichrange from 16–24 %, (Cole & Christopher,1992; Wallace & John, 1992, Lomando,1992). The interconnectivity ofpore spaces to transmit fluid is howeverobstructed by the precipitation of finesfrom migrating fluids which reducedthe pore throats. In addition, the degreeof sorting as well as the measure ofskewness also affects the degree of reservoir’spermeability. This is because astrongly coarse skewed reservoir sandsis expected to have larger pore throats,which if interconnected is expected tobe highly permeable. The permeabilitymay be reduced however where thepore throats are blocked by fines in caseof poorly sorted reservoir sands. Mostof the reservoir sands are moderatelysorted, which is a good reservoir quality.Permeability is also dependent onthe effective grain size of the reservoirsand (Schlumberger, 1989). It can bestated from this study that the larger theeffective grain size, the greater the permeabilityas evident in Table 3. Moreso, the presence or abundance of finesin a reservoir reduces the permeabilityof the reservoir. This was observed inthe analyzed samples. It was observedthat the poorly sorted reservoir sand atGbegude with about 2.5 % of fines recordthe lowest permeability value of143 mD. While the reservoir at Ebute<strong>RMZ</strong>-M&G 2012, 59
Geophysical and sedimentological studies for reservoir characterization of ...425Table 2. Summary of the result of granulometric analyses of the tar sands deposit.SampleMeanф/mmSortingф/mmRemark: Folk,1974 Skewness Remark: Folk, 1974Gbegude 3 0.033 1.5 Poorly sorted 0.34 strongly fine skewedShofini 12 0.55 0.82 Moderately sorted –0.58 strongly coarse skewedShofini 13 0.26 1.63 Poorly sorted 0.47 strongly fine skewedEbute 14 0.53 0.93 Moderately sorted –0.32 strongly coarse skewedBakue 18 0.52 0.94 Moderately sorted –0.43 strongly coarse skewedTable 3. Relationship between Reservoir Grain Size, Porosity and Permeability.Sample D10(mm) Porosity (%) Perm. k. (mD)AB1 0.51 23.08 3053.8B18 0.43 23.72 215.4G1 0.87 20.78 887.53G3 0.35 16.22 143.03E14 0.45 23.36 236.44SH12 0.47 21.9 257.9SH13 0.42 23.32 210M5 0.57 22.37 3826.74Table 4. API gravity values of oil grades(USGS, 2000).Light Oil22.3 021.6 0Heavy Oil10.0 06.5 0Extra Heavy Oil0.1 0and Shofini were moderately sortedwith amount of fines less than 2 % andpermeability values greater than 215mD. Finally, from the study, the permeabilityvalues are found to be moderateto very high (Cole & Christopher,1992).The API gravity values obtained in thearea are all below 20°, this indicatesthat the tar sands are composed ofHeavy and Extra Heavy Oils accordingto the USGS scale of oil grades (USGS,2000), (Table 4). This implies that extractedbitumen is moderately biodegradedand contains good proportionof Asphaltene and Heavy Oil whichare responsible for the high resistivityvalues of the tar sand obtained from theresistivity survey. The bitumen in thisarea is highly viscous with viscosity of1080 cP and 1360 cP in Gbegude andAgo – Alaaye respectively. The bitumencontent of the tar sand samplesanalyzed ranged from mass fractions18 % to 30 %.<strong>RMZ</strong>-M&G 2012, 59
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IVTable of Contents - KazaloProfess
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Calculation of stress-strain depend
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RMZ - Materials and Geoenvironment,
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Petrochemical characteristics and g
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360 Akinola, O. O., Talabi, A. O.A
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364 Sunmonu, L. A., Adagunodo, T. A
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Page 74 and 75: у 3 b400 D = f eShemetov, P. A., B
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Page 110 and 111: 436 Kos, A., Dervarič, E.the best
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Page 144 and 145: 470 Medved, J., Rosina, A., Vončin
Page 146 and 147: 472 Author’s IndexAuthor`s Index,
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Contents476Phase contrast method fo
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Contents47859/4Calculation of stres
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Instructions to authors483NAVODILA
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