Reducing Ethnic Profiling in the European Union - Open Society ...

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VI. Strategies for Reducing EthnicDisproportionality andImproving the Quality ofEncountersEthnic profiling can be reduced by limiting officer discretion in selecting individualsfor law enforcement controls and targeting their use of these powers more precisely.There are several approaches to limiting discretion; they are not mutually exclusive butcan be used in a complementary manner.The three strategies examined here are: (a) improving the quality and precisionof intelligence, and making sure that officers use intelligence in their decision-making;(b) increasing supervision of law enforcement officers’ discretionary decisions; and (c)enhancing civilians’ understanding of their rights and responsibilities in encounterswith law enforcement and their ability to hold law enforcement accountable for theiruse of their powers.The final discussion in this section examines the specific dynamics of encountersbetween law enforcement and civilians, and civilians’ perception of the quality of theexperience. Research has shown that the quality of an encounter is as important toindividuals as the fact of being stopped in the first place.103
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OPEN SOCIETY JUSTICE INITIATIVERedu
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described in this report. The case
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List of Case StudiesThe case studie
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UNITED KINGDOMAUSTRIA/BELGIUM/BULGA
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UNITED KINGDOMUNITED KINGDOMNETHERL
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The United Nations, the Council of
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I. Ethnic Profiling DefinedA Compre
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The use by the police, with no obje
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explicitly on their membership in a
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of the persons subjected thereto sh
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The impact of ethnic profiling on c
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of the ethnic minorities disproport
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II. A Holistic Approachto Reducing
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Law enforcement agencies are accoun
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III. Legal Standards andInstitution
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Criminal and Administrative Legal R
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ImmigrationThe Equality Act covers
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FRANCEObligation of Non-Discriminat
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General principles of good practice
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UNITED KINGDOMPolice and Criminal E
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has lasted for an hour, the examini
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In order to conduct a check using a
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the person could pose a threat to p
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Page 55: IRELANDPolicing Plan 2008The Garda
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Page 60 and 61: complaints commissions that include
Page 62 and 63: Civilian oversight can and should d
Page 64 and 65: In Ireland and Northern Ireland, po
Page 66 and 67: These case studies also demonstrate
Page 68 and 69: NETHERLANDSNational OmbudsmanThe Du
Page 70 and 71: UNITED KINGDOM / NORTHERN IRELANDNo
Page 72 and 73: DENMARKThe Danish Institute of Huma
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Page 76 and 77: UNITED KINGDOMThe Communities and L
Page 78 and 79: used, such as those described below
Page 80 and 81: passengers at borders, although the
Page 82 and 83: UNITED KINGDOMMerseyside Police Rev
Page 84 and 85: Reducing Ethnic Profiling and Impro
Page 86 and 87: As the above examples indicate, dat
Page 88 and 89: Research Approaches and Methodologi
Page 90 and 91: Observational studies were pioneere
Page 92 and 93: The study revealed that in addition
Page 94 and 95: esponses, and in some cases, broad
Page 96 and 97: UNITED STATESAttitudinal Survey of
Page 98 and 99: UNITED KINGDOMThe Views of the Publ
Page 100 and 101: NORTHERN IRELANDBeyond the Margins:
Page 102 and 103: DENMARKMedia Reporting of Police St
Page 106 and 107: Intelligence-based Law EnforcementW
Page 108 and 109: Intelligence is generally provided
Page 110 and 111: UNITED KINGDOMBorder Agency Harm Sc
Page 112 and 113: for their suspicion, reducing their
Page 114 and 115: for making stops, and with certain
Page 116 and 117: Enhancing Accountability Through Tr
Page 118 and 119: UNITED KINGDOM“Know your Rights
Page 120 and 121: AUSTRIAAirport Monitoring of Asylum
Page 122 and 123: UNITED KINGDOMInforming Persons of
Page 124 and 125: West Yorkshire Constabulary in the
Page 127 and 128: VII. TrainingTraining is an obvious
Page 129 and 130: and the “Diversity Works Training
Page 131 and 132: UNITED KINGDOMYouth-Police Training
Page 133 and 134: UNITED KINGDOMBehavioral Assessment
Page 135: Trainings explain the tenants of ji
Page 138 and 139: various responsibilities, including
Page 140 and 141: Minority Recruitment, Retention, an
Page 142 and 143: police. More than half were women,
Page 144 and 145: Black Police Association and Associ
Page 146 and 147: NETHERLANDSRole of National Diversi
Page 149 and 150: IX. Community Outreach andInvolveme
Page 151 and 152: Defining TermsINFORMATION is an ess
Page 153 and 154: Law enforcement agencies must be se
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BELGIUMBrussels North 233Belgian po
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to work on diversity issues across
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London’s 23 boroughs each have a
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officers and their supervisors (who
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UNITED KINGDOMStrathclyde Police’
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UNITED KINGDOMManchester Airport Cr
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UNITED KINGDOMStrathclyde Police’
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A 2006 British study of efforts to
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nities. This can be demonstrated by
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Suffolk, UK Stop Form172 APPENDIX A
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174 APPENDIX A: SAMPLE STOP FORMS
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Hungary Stop Form186 APPENDIX A: SA
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West Yorkshire Police BlackBerry ®
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Appendix B:Legal Standards and Case
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The court has identified a framewor
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When ethnicity has been one of a nu
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and the legal status of third count
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Appendix C:Bibliography of Key Text
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Organisation for Security and Co-op
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Open Society Justice Initiative, Et
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stereotypes, and they may be self-d
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in relation to the aim and effects
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49. Studies have confirmed the nega
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76. In Gillan and Quinton v. United
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106. Code de Procedure Pénale, Art
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131. The Danish Institute of Human
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153. Paul Quinton, Nick Bland, et a
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182. Stop and search zones are esta
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215. See http://www.notanotherdrop.
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249. Robert Lambert, “Empowering
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273. Eur. Ct. Hum. Rts., Marper v.
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Open Society Justice InitiativeThe
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