Reducing Ethnic Profiling in the European Union - Open Society ...

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adopted on June 29, 2007, CRI/Council of Europe (2007). Available at: www.ikuspegi.org/documentos/documentos_externos/ECRI_Gen_Policy_Recommendation_n11_jun2007.pdf.European Network Against Racism (ENAR), “General Policy Paper No. 4: Counterterrorismand combating racism,” (Brussels, November 2007). Available at:http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/pdf/gpp_4_en.pdf.European Network Against Racism (ENAR) and Open Society Justice Initiative, “Factsheeton ethnic profiling” October 2009. Available at: http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/focus/equality_citizenship/articles_publications/publications/ethnic_20100512. (Available in Danish, Dutch, French, German, and Spanish)European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, “Reporton problem of profiling, notably on the basis of ethnicity and race, in counter-terrorism,law enforcement, immigration, customs and border control: Rapporteur:Sarah Ludford for the ALDE Group” (April 2009). Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2009-0314&language=EN&ring=A6-2009-0222.European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), “Opinion of the EuropeanUnion Agency for Fundamental Rights on the Proposal for a Council FrameworkDecision on the use of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data for law enforcementpurposes,” (October 2008). Available at: www.libertysecurity.org/IMG/pdf_FRA_opinion_PNR_en.pdf.European Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA), Towards More Effective Policing; Understandingand Preventing Discriminatory Ethnic Profiling: A Guide, Vienna: FRA, 2010.Home Office, Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, Code of Practice A, (AmendedJanuary 1, 2009). Available at: http://police.homeoffice.gov.United Kingdom/publications/operational-policing/pace-code-a-amended-jan-2009?view=Binary.National Police Improvement Agency (NPIA), “Practice Advise on the use of stop andsearch in relation to terrorism,” (2008). Available at: www.npia.police.UnitedKingdom/en/docs/Stop_and_Search_in_Relation_to_Terrorism_-_2008.pdf.Office of the UN High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR), “Fact Sheet onHuman Rights, Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism,” (Number 32, 2008). Availableat: www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Factsheet32EN.pdf.Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), “Recommendations onPolicing in Multi-Ethnic Societies,” (The Hague: Office of the High Commissioneron National Minorities, 2006). Available at: www.osce.org/documents/hcnm/2006/02/17982_en.pdf.200 APPENDIX C: BILBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY TEXTS
Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), “Police and Roma andSinti: Good Practices in Building Trust and Understanding,” (Vienna, Office of theSecretary General, 2010). Available at: http://polis.osce.org/library/f/3682/2891/OSCE-AUS-RPT-3682-EN-Police%20and%20Roma%20and%20Sinti_%20Good%20Practices%20in%20Building%20Trust%20and%20Understanding.pdf.StopWatch, “’Carry on Recording’—Why Police Stops Should Still Be Recorded,” (May2011) Available at: http://www.stop-watch.org/uploads/WhyRecordingIsStillImportantBriefing.pdf.United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), “Generalrecommendation 31 on the prevention of racial discrimination in the administrationand functioning of the criminal justice system.” Available at: www2.ohchr.org/English/bodies/cerd/docs/GC31Rev_En.pdf.UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamentalfreedoms while countering terrorism, Martin Scheinin, “Report” (February2009). Available at: www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/terrorism/rapporteur/docs/A.HRC.10.3.pdf.Research Reports and Academic PublicationsAmnesty International, “Victim or Suspect—a Question of Colour: Racial Discriminationin the Austrian Justice System,” (London: Amnesty International, 2009), availableat: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR13/002/2009/en/2489f108-4004-4330-8bb5-181d93a3c69a/eur130022009en.pdf.Amnesty International, “Stop Racism, Not People: Racial Profiling and ImmigrationControl in Spain,” (London: Amnesty International, December 2011).American Civil Liberties Union, Race and Ethnicity in America, (New York: ACLU, 2007).Attorney General of the State of New York, Eliot Spitzer, “The New York City PoliceDepartment’s ‘Stop and Frisk’ Practices: A Report to the People of the State ofNew York,” (December 1, 1999).The Danish Institute of Human Rights, “Ethnic Profiling in Denmark—legal safeguardswithin the field of the work of the police,” (Copenhagen, 2011).De Schutter, Oliver and Ringelheim, Julie, “Ethnic Profiling: A Rising Challenge forEuropean Human Rights Law,” Modern Law Review, 71(3): 358–384 (2008).REDUCING ETHNIC PROFILING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 201
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OPEN SOCIETY JUSTICE INITIATIVERedu
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described in this report. The case
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List of Case StudiesThe case studie
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UNITED KINGDOMAUSTRIA/BELGIUM/BULGA
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UNITED KINGDOMUNITED KINGDOMNETHERL
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The United Nations, the Council of
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I. Ethnic Profiling DefinedA Compre
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The use by the police, with no obje
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explicitly on their membership in a
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of the persons subjected thereto sh
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The impact of ethnic profiling on c
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of the ethnic minorities disproport
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II. A Holistic Approachto Reducing
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Law enforcement agencies are accoun
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III. Legal Standards andInstitution
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Criminal and Administrative Legal R
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ImmigrationThe Equality Act covers
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FRANCEObligation of Non-Discriminat
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General principles of good practice
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UNITED KINGDOMPolice and Criminal E
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has lasted for an hour, the examini
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In order to conduct a check using a
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the person could pose a threat to p
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Improving law enforcement relations
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IRELANDPolicing Plan 2008The Garda
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officer misconduct more than patter
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complaints commissions that include
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Civilian oversight can and should d
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In Ireland and Northern Ireland, po
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These case studies also demonstrate
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NETHERLANDSNational OmbudsmanThe Du
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UNITED KINGDOM / NORTHERN IRELANDNo
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DENMARKThe Danish Institute of Huma
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• the impact of race• the use o
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UNITED KINGDOMThe Communities and L
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used, such as those described below
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passengers at borders, although the
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UNITED KINGDOMMerseyside Police Rev
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Reducing Ethnic Profiling and Impro
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As the above examples indicate, dat
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Research Approaches and Methodologi
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Observational studies were pioneere
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The study revealed that in addition
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esponses, and in some cases, broad
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UNITED STATESAttitudinal Survey of
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UNITED KINGDOMThe Views of the Publ
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NORTHERN IRELANDBeyond the Margins:
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DENMARKMedia Reporting of Police St
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VI. Strategies for Reducing EthnicD
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people were stopped and valuable po
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only do so if the measure is determ
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Supervision and Oversight of Front-
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This is not to say that stop forms
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• Recording of self-defined ethni
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UNITED KINGDOM“Know Your Rights
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Prior to the ride-alongs, many Hung
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UNITED KINGDOMMonitoring the Qualit
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GREECEProhibition of Racist Languag
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This handbook recommends that law e
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Where possible, training should inc
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SWEDENPolice and Youth Sharing Expe
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Training in the Counter-radicalizat
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VIII. Changing Institutional Cultur
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and Wales have used the package. Mo
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NORTHERN IRELANDCreating a More Bal
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Moroccan man. Another minority offi
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other characteristics or values. Co
Page 152 and 153: Take steps to ensure that all parts
Page 154 and 155: Law enforcement agencies must be se
Page 156 and 157: A large number of Polish migrants h
Page 158 and 159: variety of individuals with “life
Page 160 and 161: UNITED KINGDOMCommunity Stop and Se
Page 162 and 163: their needs, and problems, and hear
Page 164 and 165: to travel as far as Liverpool to ac
Page 166 and 167: The strategy includes multiple init
Page 168 and 169: The website provides an interactive
Page 170 and 171: General principles of good practice
Page 173 and 174: Appendix A:Sample Stop Forms171
Page 175 and 176: REDUCING ETHNIC PROFILING IN THE EU
Page 185 and 186: Fuenlabrada, Spain Stop FormREDUCIN
Page 191: West Yorkshire Police Stop ReceiptR
Page 194 and 195: Covenant rights that are especially
Page 196 and 197: • Necessity: The use of ethnic pr
Page 198 and 199: The clear risk of arbitrariness in
Page 200 and 201: The Committee considers that identi
Page 204 and 205: European Union Fundamental Rights A
Page 207 and 208: Notes1. Rebekah Delsol, Open Societ
Page 209 and 210: 13. A report of MI5’s behavioral
Page 211 and 212: 38. From the email text sent by Tem
Page 213 and 214: 57. R. Davis and P. Mateu-Gelabert,
Page 215 and 216: 88. Gillan and Quinton v. United Ki
Page 217 and 218: Ireland). Of the total number of co
Page 219 and 220: 139. For example, European Commissi
Page 221 and 222: 165. Open Society Justice Initiativ
Page 223 and 224: 197. These can be found at: http://
Page 225 and 226: 230. More information can be found
Page 227 and 228: 266. To undertake this kind of anal
Page 229 and 230: 279. In Rosalind Williams, Spanish
Page 232: Ethnic profiling by police in Europ
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