Reducing Ethnic Profiling in the European Union - Open Society ...

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SWEDENPolice and Youth Sharing ExperiencesIn December 2005, the police district of Soedertoern in Stockholm started a “diversitygroup” to initiate a dialogue around crime committed by youth. An initial conferencein March 2006 was criticized as too theoretical and not supportive of a dialoguebetween the police and young people.The second phase of the project shifted the focus from theory to practice. The policegot together with local youths to discuss problems, values, and perspectives. A roleplaycomponent also helped the two sides understand each other. Feedback wasoverwhelmingly positive. In 2006 and 2007 this dialogue initiative became a mandatorytraining course for all district officers, under the title “Give and Take Every Day.”The project ended in October 2009 when all police officers had been trained.UNITED KINGDOMOperation Nicole Counter-Terrorism Training 216Operation Nicole is a training initiative developed by the United Kingdom NationalCommunity Tension Team that brings community members and police officerstogether to role play a terrorist incident investigation. The goal is to give both sidesinsights into issues that arise and factors that inform decision-making. Police andcommunity members play out an unfolding scenario looking at the impact of decisionsfrom each perspective. Police forces across the United Kingdom have takenpart, adapting training to local contexts.Officers gained insights into the possibilities for community assistance, and heardcommunity expectations about the information residents want from the police inorder to build confidence. Community members learned of the challenges policeface, including the continuous balancing of risk and considerations such as publicsafety, intelligence gathering, securing evidence, and the impact of these sometimesconflicting considerations on decision-making. 217Another form of training that is being developed by a number of police forces, particularlythose with responsibility for airport security and public transport, is behavioraltraining. This approach focuses on specific behaviors, shifting officers’ attention awayfrom appearance, as exemplified by the following case study of the UK BASS training.130 TRAINING
UNITED KINGDOMBehavioral Assessment Screening System (BASS) Training and PassengerAssessment Screening System (PASS) 218The Behavioral Assessment Screening System, or BASS, was developed by theMassachusetts State Police in the US and adapted by the British Transport Police.The training focuses on stress behaviors in airports or transport hubs, with criteriadeveloped from a review the footage of the 9/11 hijackers taking flights in and out ofLogan Airport in Boston before the attacks, and further data gathered from the 7/7London Underground attacks.All British Transport Police (BTP) officers working on the London Undergroundsystem have received the BASS training and it is being rolled out to officers workingon the rail network nationwide. The two-day training includes lectures, discussions,and practical exercises both within the classroom and in transport hubs. The trainingpoints out that there is no racial or religious profile for terrorists—recent attacks havebeen conducted by people of all ethnicities.An internal evaluation conducted by the BTP six months after all officers had receivedthe training found that the quality of stops on the Underground had improved. Theactual number of stops was substantially reduced, while the numbers of arrestsresulting from stops increased by 400 percent. The collection of intelligence fromstops also improved.In 2010, the Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure (CPNI) developedthe Passenger Assessment Screening System (PASS) to identify suspicious behaviorsin airports. PASS is a four-day training package, which teaches security officials toidentify suspicious behavior, approach and question suspicious individuals, and takeappropriate action. The training includes classroom based lectures and discussionsand practical exercises conducted in airports, and teaches officers to focus on observablesuspicious behaviors.Over two hundred police and security officers have received the training at airportsacross the United Kingdom. An independent evaluation found that stops conductedunder the PASS model were significantly more effective than random airport stops.Ethnic monitoring has shown that after local demographics are taken into accountthere is no ethnic disproportionality in stop rates.REDUCING ETHNIC PROFILING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 131
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OPEN SOCIETY JUSTICE INITIATIVERedu
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described in this report. The case
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List of Case StudiesThe case studie
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UNITED KINGDOMAUSTRIA/BELGIUM/BULGA
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UNITED KINGDOMUNITED KINGDOMNETHERL
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The United Nations, the Council of
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I. Ethnic Profiling DefinedA Compre
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The use by the police, with no obje
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explicitly on their membership in a
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of the persons subjected thereto sh
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The impact of ethnic profiling on c
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of the ethnic minorities disproport
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II. A Holistic Approachto Reducing
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Law enforcement agencies are accoun
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III. Legal Standards andInstitution
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Criminal and Administrative Legal R
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ImmigrationThe Equality Act covers
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FRANCEObligation of Non-Discriminat
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General principles of good practice
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UNITED KINGDOMPolice and Criminal E
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has lasted for an hour, the examini
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In order to conduct a check using a
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the person could pose a threat to p
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Improving law enforcement relations
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IRELANDPolicing Plan 2008The Garda
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officer misconduct more than patter
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complaints commissions that include
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Civilian oversight can and should d
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In Ireland and Northern Ireland, po
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These case studies also demonstrate
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NETHERLANDSNational OmbudsmanThe Du
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UNITED KINGDOM / NORTHERN IRELANDNo
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DENMARKThe Danish Institute of Huma
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• the impact of race• the use o
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UNITED KINGDOMThe Communities and L
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used, such as those described below
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passengers at borders, although the
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Page 86 and 87: As the above examples indicate, dat
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Page 98 and 99: UNITED KINGDOMThe Views of the Publ
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Page 102 and 103: DENMARKMedia Reporting of Police St
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Page 117 and 118: UNITED KINGDOM“Know Your Rights
Page 119 and 120: Prior to the ride-alongs, many Hung
Page 121 and 122: General principles of good practice
Page 123 and 124: UNITED KINGDOMMonitoring the Qualit
Page 125: GREECEProhibition of Racist Languag
Page 128 and 129: This handbook recommends that law e
Page 130 and 131: Where possible, training should inc
Page 134 and 135: Training in the Counter-radicalizat
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Page 141 and 142: NORTHERN IRELANDCreating a More Bal
Page 143 and 144: Moroccan man. Another minority offi
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Page 150 and 151: other characteristics or values. Co
Page 152 and 153: Take steps to ensure that all parts
Page 154 and 155: Law enforcement agencies must be se
Page 156 and 157: A large number of Polish migrants h
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Page 160 and 161: UNITED KINGDOMCommunity Stop and Se
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Page 166 and 167: The strategy includes multiple init
Page 168 and 169: The website provides an interactive
Page 173 and 174: Appendix A:Sample Stop Forms171
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REDUCING ETHNIC PROFILING IN THE EU
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Fuenlabrada, Spain Stop FormREDUCIN
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West Yorkshire Police Stop ReceiptR
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Covenant rights that are especially
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• Necessity: The use of ethnic pr
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The clear risk of arbitrariness in
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The Committee considers that identi
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adopted on June 29, 2007, CRI/Counc
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European Union Fundamental Rights A
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Notes1. Rebekah Delsol, Open Societ
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13. A report of MI5’s behavioral
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38. From the email text sent by Tem
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57. R. Davis and P. Mateu-Gelabert,
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88. Gillan and Quinton v. United Ki
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Ireland). Of the total number of co
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139. For example, European Commissi
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165. Open Society Justice Initiativ
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197. These can be found at: http://
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230. More information can be found
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266. To undertake this kind of anal
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279. In Rosalind Williams, Spanish
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Ethnic profiling by police in Europ
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