Reducing Ethnic Profiling in the European Union - Open Society ...

153. Paul Quinton, Nick Bland, et al. Police Stops, Decision-Making and Practice, London: HomeOffice, 2000.154. The possibility of using data to target operations depends on the quality of the data andwhether it simply reflects historically prejudiced patterns of policing.155. E.J. van der Torre and H.B. Ferwerda, Preventief fouilleren, Een analyse van het proces en deexterne effecten in tien gemeenten (“Preventive searching, an analysis of the process and the externaleffects in ten municipalities”).156. Ibid. During 54 preventive search operations in Amsterdam from November 2002 to March2004, police searched 32,332 individuals and detected 702 weapons, only 15 of which were firearms.The operation cost 11,687 officer hours. Results in Rotterdam were similar: in 50 operations totaling9,124 officer hours, 18,687 searches were carried out that detected 578 weapons, 23 of which werefirearms.157. During the STEPSS project, data collected on stops in Fuenlabrada allowed local police totalk with community members about how stops were being used. It was shown that the majority ofstops over a two month period were being conducted in relation to a counter-terrorism operation.The operation was carried out in conjunction with the national police, as it was considered likelythat there would be another bombing in Madrid due to the concurrence of two events: the trial ofthe March 11, 2006, bombing suspects and the hunger strike of the notable ETA member Inakide Juana Chaos. The counter-terrorism related stops resulted in only one arrest and discussionsin the monthly community meetings made clear the negative impact in the Moroccan community,resulting in the police cancelling the operation.158. European Network Against Racism, Racism in Europe: ENAR Shadow Report 2009–10, Brussels:ENAR, 2011. Available at: http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/FINAL%20SR%20-%20online%20version%202.pdf.159. European Network Against Racism, “Supplemental Report: Ethnic Profiling in Belgium,”Shadow Report 2009/2010, Brussels: ENAR, 2011. Available at: http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/20092010%20ENAR%20supplement%20Belgium.pdf.160. Andreas Hieronymus, European Network Against Racism, “Supplemental Report: EthnicProfiling in Germany,” Shadow Report 2009/2010, Brussels: ENAR, 2011. Available at: http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/ENAR%20Ethnic%20Profiling%20Supplement%20Germany.pdf.161. Laura di Pasquale, European Network Against Racism, “Supplemental Report: Ethnic Profilingin Italy,” Shadow Report 2009/2010, Brussels: ENAR, 2011. Available at: http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/ENAR%20Ethnic%20Profiling%20Supplement%20Italy.pdf.162. See John Lambert, expert testimony, Revised statistical analysis of the incidence of police stopsand arrests of black drivers/travelers on the New Jersey Turnpike between intersection 1 and 3 from Years1988 through 1991, in the case of State v. Soto, 734 A.2d 350; N.J. Super Ct. Law Div. 1996.163. Ranges established by John Lamberth, US statistician and expert on racial profiling. Seewww.lamberthconsulting.com . Also see: New Jersey v. Soto, 324 N.J. Super. 66, 69, 1996.164. Open Society Justice Initiative, Ethnic Profiling in the Moscow Metro, New York: OSI, 2006.218 NOTES