Reducing Ethnic Profiling in the European Union - Open Society ...

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The strategy includes multiple initiatives: youth councils; volunteers; a supportcenter for young crime victims and offenders; a cooperative council of boroughcommanders; a collaborative framework for relations between the police and localschools; and “Nova”—an initiative engaging some 600 young people involved inviolent or organized crime. Two of these: youth councils and volunteers are lookedat more closely below.Police leaders state that in addition to improving police-youth relations, the initiativeshave increased awareness of ethnic profiling more generally. More positive involvementwith people in their own neighborhoods has provided lower rank officers aswell as borough commanders with greater insight into residents’ living conditionsand perceptions of the police.Youth CouncilsStockholm County Police’s youth council first met in September 2005, followingthe Paris riots and violent clashes between youth and police in Ronna, Stockholm.The first meeting was turbulent, with several young people declaring an outright“hatred towards the police.” Since then, 32 youths, most of ethnic minority origin,have joined the county-wide council. At council meetings, police discuss their rolewith youth representatives, and young people can raise issues of police conduct. In2007, eight additional local councils were established; each led by the local boroughcommander, demonstrating that youth outreach is taken seriously. The StockholmPolice Service explains that council members become ambassadors to other youngpeople, enhancing trust and understanding between youth and police.VolunteersBased in part on the British “Community Support Officer” model, the Stockholmpolice began recruiting volunteers in 2004. Several hundred volunteers between theages of 18 and 84 have since been trained. Although under Swedish law volunteershave fewer powers than their British counterparts, they are given mandatory trainingand have become an essential aspect of neighborhood policing. Indeed, in 2008,the volunteer project became a formal part of the police authority in Stockholm andcurrently some 30 local police stations work with volunteers. Their tasks are decidedlocally, with the main objective of building trust between the police and neighborhoodresidents. The Stockholm Chief of Police stated that: “The volunteer program isincredibly important to us. It provides us with a possibility of reaching out to groupsof people we would otherwise not be in contact with.”164 COMMUNITY OUTREACH AND INVOLVEMENT
UNITED KINGDOMStrathclyde Police’s Operation ReclaimOperation Reclaim began in 2004 in response to racist attacks on asylum seekers inNorth Glasgow. Young asylum seekers reported that they were scared to use publicspaces where they lived, and asylum seekers failed to use police services.Operation Reclaim provides a variety of evening sporting and entertainment activitiesfor all young people. The police provide visible presence to ensure that youngpeople feel safe to participate in sports, fitness, dance, and drama classes. Youngpeople receive professional coaching, counseling, drama performances, participatein a football league, and have been visited by pop stars.Operation Reclaim has grown dramatically and now operates in five areas of NorthGlasgow with 1,800 participants. Originally aimed at asylum seekers, it attracts youngpeople from all backgrounds, and has helped to break down barriers between youthof different backgrounds and from areas where there had been territorial conflict.The police officers who take part are the same local community officers who policethese areas daily; the program has helped them reach young people, and encouragedcrime reporting and other engagement. The project has reduced youth violence anddisorder by 42 percent across the five areas. It has won awards and secured fundingfor further expansion and continuation. 245UNITED KINGDOMFair Cop—Engaging Young People through Social MediaFair Cop is an independent interactive website that uses social media tools to engageyoung people and communities in discussions about policing and justice issues.Fair Cop is run by Public Achievement, a Belfast-based organization that uses socialmedia solutions, such as film-making, campaigning, and social media tools such asTwitter and Facebook to encourage youth involvement in public affairs. The Fair Copwebsite was developed based on the findings of the report “Beyond the Margins–Building Trust in Policing with Young People” which was undertaken as part of theNorthern Ireland Policing Board’s investigation into young people and policing. Thereport recognized that young people are often alienated from police and that theusual methods police use to “engage” communities do not reach young people.REDUCING ETHNIC PROFILING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 165
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OPEN SOCIETY JUSTICE INITIATIVERedu
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described in this report. The case
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List of Case StudiesThe case studie
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UNITED KINGDOMAUSTRIA/BELGIUM/BULGA
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UNITED KINGDOMUNITED KINGDOMNETHERL
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The United Nations, the Council of
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I. Ethnic Profiling DefinedA Compre
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The use by the police, with no obje
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explicitly on their membership in a
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of the persons subjected thereto sh
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The impact of ethnic profiling on c
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of the ethnic minorities disproport
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II. A Holistic Approachto Reducing
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Law enforcement agencies are accoun
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III. Legal Standards andInstitution
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Criminal and Administrative Legal R
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ImmigrationThe Equality Act covers
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FRANCEObligation of Non-Discriminat
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General principles of good practice
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UNITED KINGDOMPolice and Criminal E
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has lasted for an hour, the examini
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In order to conduct a check using a
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the person could pose a threat to p
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Improving law enforcement relations
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IRELANDPolicing Plan 2008The Garda
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officer misconduct more than patter
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complaints commissions that include
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Civilian oversight can and should d
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In Ireland and Northern Ireland, po
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These case studies also demonstrate
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NETHERLANDSNational OmbudsmanThe Du
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UNITED KINGDOM / NORTHERN IRELANDNo
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DENMARKThe Danish Institute of Huma
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• the impact of race• the use o
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UNITED KINGDOMThe Communities and L
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used, such as those described below
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passengers at borders, although the
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UNITED KINGDOMMerseyside Police Rev
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Reducing Ethnic Profiling and Impro
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As the above examples indicate, dat
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Research Approaches and Methodologi
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Observational studies were pioneere
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The study revealed that in addition
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esponses, and in some cases, broad
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UNITED STATESAttitudinal Survey of
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UNITED KINGDOMThe Views of the Publ
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NORTHERN IRELANDBeyond the Margins:
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DENMARKMedia Reporting of Police St
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VI. Strategies for Reducing EthnicD
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people were stopped and valuable po
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only do so if the measure is determ
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Supervision and Oversight of Front-
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This is not to say that stop forms
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Page 117 and 118: UNITED KINGDOM“Know Your Rights
Page 119 and 120: Prior to the ride-alongs, many Hung
Page 121 and 122: General principles of good practice
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Page 125: GREECEProhibition of Racist Languag
Page 128 and 129: This handbook recommends that law e
Page 130 and 131: Where possible, training should inc
Page 132 and 133: SWEDENPolice and Youth Sharing Expe
Page 134 and 135: Training in the Counter-radicalizat
Page 137 and 138: VIII. Changing Institutional Cultur
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Page 141 and 142: NORTHERN IRELANDCreating a More Bal
Page 143 and 144: Moroccan man. Another minority offi
Page 147: General principles of good practice
Page 150 and 151: other characteristics or values. Co
Page 152 and 153: Take steps to ensure that all parts
Page 154 and 155: Law enforcement agencies must be se
Page 156 and 157: A large number of Polish migrants h
Page 158 and 159: variety of individuals with “life
Page 160 and 161: UNITED KINGDOMCommunity Stop and Se
Page 162 and 163: their needs, and problems, and hear
Page 164 and 165: to travel as far as Liverpool to ac
Page 168 and 169: The website provides an interactive
Page 173 and 174: Appendix A:Sample Stop Forms171
Page 175 and 176: REDUCING ETHNIC PROFILING IN THE EU
Page 185 and 186: Fuenlabrada, Spain Stop FormREDUCIN
Page 191: West Yorkshire Police Stop ReceiptR
Page 194 and 195: Covenant rights that are especially
Page 196 and 197: • Necessity: The use of ethnic pr
Page 198 and 199: The clear risk of arbitrariness in
Page 200 and 201: The Committee considers that identi
Page 202 and 203: adopted on June 29, 2007, CRI/Counc
Page 204 and 205: European Union Fundamental Rights A
Page 207 and 208: Notes1. Rebekah Delsol, Open Societ
Page 209 and 210: 13. A report of MI5’s behavioral
Page 211 and 212: 38. From the email text sent by Tem
Page 213 and 214: 57. R. Davis and P. Mateu-Gelabert,
Page 215 and 216: 88. Gillan and Quinton v. United Ki
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Ireland). Of the total number of co
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139. For example, European Commissi
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165. Open Society Justice Initiativ
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197. These can be found at: http://
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230. More information can be found
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266. To undertake this kind of anal
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279. In Rosalind Williams, Spanish
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Ethnic profiling by police in Europ
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