Reducing Ethnic Profiling in the European Union - Open Society ...

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However, as this handbook seeks to demonstrate, better alternatives to ethnicprofiling exist. For example, there is evidence that removing ethnicity from a criminalprofile and obliging officers to focus on specified non-ethnic criteria can help avoid discriminationand improve efficiency. A 1998 initiative undertaken by the United StatesCustoms Service showed that basing searches on behavioural indicators and requiringsupervisor authorization ended racial disparities, and more than doubled the hit rate(discussed in case study in Chapter 6). These and other examples explored in the followingchapters show that it is possible to reduce ethnic profiling and replace it withmore efficient and effective—and less biased—practices.28 ETHNIC PROFILING DEFINED
II. A Holistic Approachto Reducing Ethnic ProfilingGiven its negative effects on individuals, ethnic minority communities, and law enforcementefficacy, ethnic profiling should be addressed, ameliorated, and ultimately eradicated.In order to do so, political leaders and senior law enforcement management mustfirst recognize that ethnic profiling may be a problem. The next step is to examine thespecific dynamics that produce unjustified and disproportionate focus on ethnic minoritiesin law enforcement actions. Finally, law enforcement agencies must introduce andimplement new management and operational practices.Recognition of ethnic profiling as a problem often emerges in the aftermath ofcivic unrest and deteriorating relations between law enforcement and ethnic minoritycommunities, as happened in the United Kingdom following the 1981 Brixton riots.A commitment to study and address ethnic profiling can also follow the implementationof new anti-discrimination laws and the establishment of national equality policieswhich affect the work of law enforcement institutions. Law enforcement agenciesthemselves can also choose to proactively reach out to ethnic minority communities andadopt more equitable policies and practices. Proactive efforts can include increasingethnic, racial, and religious diversity within the police itself by recruiting minorities intolaw enforcement, and building supportive relations with ethnic minority and immigrantcommunities.Once ethnic profiling has been recognized as a potential problem, law enforcementauthorities can institute a number of corrective policies and practices. Actors atevery level of the problem— from European Union officials to national and local politicalleaders; officials of equality, anti-discrimination or complaints-handling organizations;29
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Page 6 and 7: described in this report. The case
Page 9 and 10: List of Case StudiesThe case studie
Page 11 and 12: UNITED KINGDOMAUSTRIA/BELGIUM/BULGA
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Page 39 and 40: ImmigrationThe Equality Act covers
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Page 55: IRELANDPolicing Plan 2008The Garda
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passengers at borders, although the
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UNITED KINGDOMMerseyside Police Rev
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Reducing Ethnic Profiling and Impro
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As the above examples indicate, dat
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Research Approaches and Methodologi
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Observational studies were pioneere
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The study revealed that in addition
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esponses, and in some cases, broad
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UNITED STATESAttitudinal Survey of
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UNITED KINGDOMThe Views of the Publ
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NORTHERN IRELANDBeyond the Margins:
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DENMARKMedia Reporting of Police St
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VI. Strategies for Reducing EthnicD
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people were stopped and valuable po
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only do so if the measure is determ
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Supervision and Oversight of Front-
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This is not to say that stop forms
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• Recording of self-defined ethni
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UNITED KINGDOM“Know Your Rights
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Prior to the ride-alongs, many Hung
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General principles of good practice
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UNITED KINGDOMMonitoring the Qualit
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GREECEProhibition of Racist Languag
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This handbook recommends that law e
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Where possible, training should inc
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SWEDENPolice and Youth Sharing Expe
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Training in the Counter-radicalizat
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VIII. Changing Institutional Cultur
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and Wales have used the package. Mo
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NORTHERN IRELANDCreating a More Bal
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Moroccan man. Another minority offi
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other characteristics or values. Co
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Take steps to ensure that all parts
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Law enforcement agencies must be se
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A large number of Polish migrants h
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variety of individuals with “life
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UNITED KINGDOMCommunity Stop and Se
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their needs, and problems, and hear
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to travel as far as Liverpool to ac
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The strategy includes multiple init
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The website provides an interactive
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Appendix A:Sample Stop Forms171
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REDUCING ETHNIC PROFILING IN THE EU
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Fuenlabrada, Spain Stop FormREDUCIN
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West Yorkshire Police Stop ReceiptR
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Covenant rights that are especially
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• Necessity: The use of ethnic pr
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The clear risk of arbitrariness in
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The Committee considers that identi
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adopted on June 29, 2007, CRI/Counc
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European Union Fundamental Rights A
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Notes1. Rebekah Delsol, Open Societ
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13. A report of MI5’s behavioral
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38. From the email text sent by Tem
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57. R. Davis and P. Mateu-Gelabert,
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88. Gillan and Quinton v. United Ki
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Ireland). Of the total number of co
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139. For example, European Commissi
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165. Open Society Justice Initiativ
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197. These can be found at: http://
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230. More information can be found
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266. To undertake this kind of anal
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279. In Rosalind Williams, Spanish
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Ethnic profiling by police in Europ
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