Reducing Ethnic Profiling in the European Union - Open Society ...

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other characteristics or values. Commonly, police forces are structured along definedgeographical areas, serving the people who live in, work in, or visit the area. Communityoutreach is a more challenging proposition for border authorities who deal withtransient populations. Nonetheless, border agencies have also found creative ways toconduct community outreach.Policing also confronts “hard to reach” groups that are notoriously difficult toinclude in dialogue with police. It is widely acknowledged that there are sectors of thepopulation that are “hard to reach or hear” such as young people, ethnic minorities,disabled people, and gay, lesbian, and transgendered communities. This may be duein part to these groups’ perception that they are policed differently from the rest of thepopulation, being distrustful of the police, or requiring different mechanisms to beable to engage with the police. For example, current efforts to build bridges to Muslimcommunities confront the fact that there are many Muslim communities, of variednational origin, ethnicity, and religious belief. Compounding the challenge is the lackof Muslim officers in European law enforcement, and lack of familiarity with Islam onthe part of most non-Muslim officers.Defining “community involvement” is even more challenging, as this term meansdifferent things in different contexts. “Community involvement” ranges from providinginformation and consulting with communities, to giving citizens power to participatein decision making. The mechanisms to engage communities can include surveys,research projects, public meetings, resident forums, police-community consultativegroups and special initiatives or projects. A common question is how representative oftheir wider community are those individuals who participate in community engagementmechanisms. It is common to hear that consultative meetings are always attended bythe same people, or that police themselves identify and speak with “community leaders”although it is not clear whether those individuals represent wider community interests.148 COMMUNITY OUTREACH AND INVOLVEMENT
Defining TermsINFORMATION is an essential element of community engagement as itserves to improve access to and use of police services. The police shouldprovide information to local communities about local issues, how to usepolice services and report crimes, and relevant law enforcement policies.Information should be accessible and should encourage meaningful communityengagement and consultation.COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT OR INVOLVEMENT are the actions thatpolice take to enable them to consult, involve, listen and respond to communitiesthrough ongoing relationships and dialogue. Involving communitiesallows them to participate in developing solutions, shaping and designingpolicies and services, and—crucially—participate in decision making.CONSULTATION is the process by which the police and other agenciesseek advice, information and opinions from communities about strategies,policies and services, in order to inform their decision-making and designgood services. This can include activities such as surveys, research projects,public meetings, and resident forums.COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT takes place through engagement andother activities. Responsibility and influence are shared with communitiesand individual citizens, who gain the power to take decisions about servicesand initiatives that affect their lives.General principles of good practice in community outreach:Ensure that all those participating understand what is meant by “communityinvolvement” and what are the aims and expected outcomes of that involvement.Be clear about who should be involved and why.The methods of involvement must be tailored to the purpose of engagement.Employ a combination of mechanisms to obtain a broader picture of the issuesthat need addressing and involve a wider number of voices in decision-making.Involve a mix of local persons broadly representative of the individuals, groups,businesses, or organizations considered to have an interest.REDUCING ETHNIC PROFILING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 149
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OPEN SOCIETY JUSTICE INITIATIVERedu
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described in this report. The case
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List of Case StudiesThe case studie
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UNITED KINGDOMAUSTRIA/BELGIUM/BULGA
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UNITED KINGDOMUNITED KINGDOMNETHERL
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The United Nations, the Council of
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I. Ethnic Profiling DefinedA Compre
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The use by the police, with no obje
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explicitly on their membership in a
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of the persons subjected thereto sh
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The impact of ethnic profiling on c
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of the ethnic minorities disproport
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II. A Holistic Approachto Reducing
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Law enforcement agencies are accoun
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III. Legal Standards andInstitution
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Criminal and Administrative Legal R
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ImmigrationThe Equality Act covers
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FRANCEObligation of Non-Discriminat
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General principles of good practice
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UNITED KINGDOMPolice and Criminal E
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has lasted for an hour, the examini
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In order to conduct a check using a
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the person could pose a threat to p
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Improving law enforcement relations
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IRELANDPolicing Plan 2008The Garda
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officer misconduct more than patter
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complaints commissions that include
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Civilian oversight can and should d
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In Ireland and Northern Ireland, po
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These case studies also demonstrate
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NETHERLANDSNational OmbudsmanThe Du
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UNITED KINGDOM / NORTHERN IRELANDNo
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DENMARKThe Danish Institute of Huma
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• the impact of race• the use o
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UNITED KINGDOMThe Communities and L
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used, such as those described below
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passengers at borders, although the
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UNITED KINGDOMMerseyside Police Rev
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Reducing Ethnic Profiling and Impro
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As the above examples indicate, dat
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Research Approaches and Methodologi
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Observational studies were pioneere
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The study revealed that in addition
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esponses, and in some cases, broad
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UNITED STATESAttitudinal Survey of
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UNITED KINGDOMThe Views of the Publ
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Page 107 and 108: people were stopped and valuable po
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Page 111 and 112: Supervision and Oversight of Front-
Page 113 and 114: This is not to say that stop forms
Page 115 and 116: • Recording of self-defined ethni
Page 117 and 118: UNITED KINGDOM“Know Your Rights
Page 119 and 120: Prior to the ride-alongs, many Hung
Page 121 and 122: General principles of good practice
Page 123 and 124: UNITED KINGDOMMonitoring the Qualit
Page 125: GREECEProhibition of Racist Languag
Page 128 and 129: This handbook recommends that law e
Page 130 and 131: Where possible, training should inc
Page 132 and 133: SWEDENPolice and Youth Sharing Expe
Page 134 and 135: Training in the Counter-radicalizat
Page 137 and 138: VIII. Changing Institutional Cultur
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Page 141 and 142: NORTHERN IRELANDCreating a More Bal
Page 143 and 144: Moroccan man. Another minority offi
Page 147: General principles of good practice
Page 152 and 153: Take steps to ensure that all parts
Page 154 and 155: Law enforcement agencies must be se
Page 156 and 157: A large number of Polish migrants h
Page 158 and 159: variety of individuals with “life
Page 160 and 161: UNITED KINGDOMCommunity Stop and Se
Page 162 and 163: their needs, and problems, and hear
Page 164 and 165: to travel as far as Liverpool to ac
Page 166 and 167: The strategy includes multiple init
Page 168 and 169: The website provides an interactive
Page 173 and 174: Appendix A:Sample Stop Forms171
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Page 185 and 186: Fuenlabrada, Spain Stop FormREDUCIN
Page 191: West Yorkshire Police Stop ReceiptR
Page 194 and 195: Covenant rights that are especially
Page 196 and 197: • Necessity: The use of ethnic pr
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The Committee considers that identi
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adopted on June 29, 2007, CRI/Counc
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European Union Fundamental Rights A
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Notes1. Rebekah Delsol, Open Societ
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13. A report of MI5’s behavioral
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38. From the email text sent by Tem
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57. R. Davis and P. Mateu-Gelabert,
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88. Gillan and Quinton v. United Ki
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Ireland). Of the total number of co
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139. For example, European Commissi
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165. Open Society Justice Initiativ
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197. These can be found at: http://
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230. More information can be found
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266. To undertake this kind of anal
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279. In Rosalind Williams, Spanish
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Ethnic profiling by police in Europ
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